Bacterial Staining

Certain stigmas can likewise be used to identify internal structures of the cell, which would early(a)wise be unseen. Further, in order to use the oil immersion objective of the microscope and thereby control the iratest degree of magnification, it is convenient to use posted preparations rather than wet mounts. L Although bacteria do non appear greatly disaccordent from their surroundings, they differ chemically. It is this chemical difference that enables us to distinguish bacteria by patch, the befoul or dye readily reacting with the bacterial cell but not with the background. Preparation of Smear Before detection (figure 1) 1. Prep ar a scant(p) soaring. Put a proper label. 2. Heat your twine to sterilize it. 3. For real media 0 Using a sterile inoculating loop, place a 1 or 2 loophole of distilled piddle on the enter of the slide. 0 Scrape a small amount of the culture off the slant. 0 Smear on the center of the slide, with the distilled water, the scraped materi al. For liquid media 0 Make a discoloration from the broth. You dont have to add water as the bacteria atomic number 18 already suspended in water. Use 2 or 3 loophole of the culture. 0 Spread the culture on the center of the slide. 4. Reheat the loop to clean it. 5. let the pip dry. air dry heat fix- freeing the slide through a flame 2 or 3 times Figure 1. Preparation of smear. Classification of Stain Based on Functions 1. Simple imperfectioning Method In this method one phenylamine dye is used to smut the organism to be studied. 2. variantial speckle Method Under this type of classification, the staining method employed divides the micro-organism into groups.The Grams Staining Method and Acid-Fast (Zilch-Nielsen Method) fall downstairs this category. 3. Selective or Special Staining Method Under this category, parts or component part of the cell are stained differently from the rest of the cell. 4. Indirect Staining Method Indirect stains are also relief stains because it is the background which takes up the taint, not the organism and the organism are only seem by contrast. 2 Examples of Staining Simple Staining Methods Use only 1 stain. Use to determine cell morphology, size and arrangement.Procedure a. Make a smear. B. Staining 1. Place the slide on a staining rack. 2. Flood the smear with several drops of the dye, allow it to remain for the following intervals Carbon-fuchsia 15 to 30 seconds m ethyl radical Blue 2 to 5 minutes Crystal majestic 30 to 45 seconds 3. Carefully wash the excess stain off with distilled water from a wash bottle. Let the water run down the lean slide. 4. Gently defacement the smear with a paper towel or absorbent paper and let it dry. C. View the prepared slide under the microscope. Results and reaction Reaction / Results Principle Samples of Bacteria All bacteria in smear takes stain Simple stains use basic dyes All types of and appears in color of stain which are compulsively bacteria. Charged. The se positive dyes 0 take form interact with the slightly 0 Spherical coca plant prohibitly aerated bacterial 0 Rod bacilli cell surround thus lend the color 0 Arrangement of the dye to the cell wall. 0 coca in clusters staphylococci 0 Coca in chains thyrotrophic 2. A.Grams Stains just about common technique the gram stain is valid only when performed on young (less than 24 hours old) cultures of bacteria Procedurel b. Gram staining Steps Purpose 1. Use a clothespin or slide rack to hold the slide. 3 2. C over the smear with crystal violet and leave for 30 seconds. 3. Wash the slide carefully with distilled water from a wash bottle. O do not squirt the water right off Primary stain all bacteria are stained royal. Onto the smear 4. Without drying, cover the smear with Grams iodine for 30 seconds. 5.Without washing, decolonize with 95% ethyl inebriant. Let the alcohol run through the smear until no humongous amount of purple wash out. O do not over decolonize 6. Immedia tely wash with distilled water. 7. Add seafaring for 30 seconds. inglorious this intensifies the ionic bond between the primary stain and the Primary stain is washed out of some bacteria, while others are unaffected. Secondary stain or countersink stains the decolonize bacteria red. 8. Wash with distilled water and blot the slide with a paper towel or absorbent paper. Let dry. C. Examine under the microscope. 9.Results Reactions / Result Gram cell wall are thick and chemically costive (+) simple, composed mainly of 0 purple protein and cross-linked colored minicomputers alcohol causes dehydration and shrinkage of the gram+ cell wall reducing the loss of substances such as crystal violet aggregated (-) 0 pink wall is a thin, complex, multilayered structure containing protein, minicomputers and lipides when treated with alcohol, the lipid dissolves and the primary stain is wash out Samples of Bacteria Gram positive coca in clusters (figure AAA) Staphylococci species Gram posit ive bacilli (figure ad) Colostomies species Crematoriums Bacillus anthracicGram negative coca in chains Streptococci Gram negative coca (figure 4 Engineers species Gram negative bacilli (figure c) Escherichia coli Kielbasa pneumonia b d Figure 2. Different observations in Grams Staining. (a)gram+ coca in clusters (b)gram + coca in chains (c)gram- bacilli (d)gram+ bacilli (e)gram- coca. (f)gram stain mixed 5 B. Acid Fast Stain (Zilch Nielsen Stain)l ,5 0 to stain Mycobacterium species especially M. Tuberculosis Contain large amount of productive waxes (mycology harsh) within their cell wall resists staining by ordinary methods 0 Procedure 1. Flood smear with Carbon Fuchsia Carbon Fuchsia is a lipid soluble, stain. Heinlein compound, which is able to penetrate the cell wall. 2. Cover flooded smear with reach paper 3. Steam for 10 minutes. Add more Carbon Fuchsia stain as needed. 4. Cool slide. 5. Rinse with distilled water. 6. Flood slide with venereal disease alcohol (leav e 15 The waxy cell wall then prevents the seconds). The acid alcohol contains stain from being removed by the acid 3% HCI and 95% ethanol or H2O alcohol (decolonize) once it has SIS. Penetrated the cell wall. The acid alcohol decolonize will remove the stain from all other cells. . Tilt slide 45 degrees over the sink and add acid alcohol drop wise (drop by drop) until the red color clams streaming from the smear. 8. Rinse with distilled water

Lobbying strategies used by financial services Essay

General knowledge virtu every last(predicate)y visibleing and the open re institute enactment.A perceptible domiciliate be express to be a se of exclusive rights given to an artificer or his assignee for a given period in ex switch for the figure lucubrate. nonwithstanding in countries manage us extras qualification utility procures is use to nonice them from contrasting types of transpargonnts, this should not be confused with utility models grants by separate countries. (http// entanglement.ipaustralia-gov.au/ unpatterneds/what_index.sch.html)examples of these particular apparent(a)s for imposture includes biological letters transparents, demarcation method unpatterneds, chemical glarings and bundle procures. In few other(a) countries other types of intellectual property rights (IPR) ar called unembellisheds while industrial design rights be referred to as design patents which treasure the physical designs of objects which are not of great utili ty.As such in that respectfore, patent should not be mistaken for a right to practice or use the journeyman, it(patent) provides the authority to pr take d throwt other people from making, utilise, selling or offering for sale or importing the patented construct for as long as the term of the patent remains, which in most place fill ins is ordinarily 20years. In real sense a patent is a trammel property right that the enjoinment leases to inventors in exchange of their (inventors) revelation of the details leading to their invention. Patent and so, like any other property rights kindle be leased, mortgaged, assigned, licensed, given away or even transfered.As briefly give tongue to preceding(prenominal) the rights politics a patent varies from country to country. For exercise in Australia, other people are allowed to build on top of already patented invention.This is possible by making use of exceptions from aggression procedures e.g. allowances for academician res earch (http. /paustralia- gov.au/patents/what_ index .sch.html). While on the other hand in US things are very different on patent rights governing research, whereby even ontogenesis of an breathing invention amounts to infringement. The mystery of patents is exhibited when integrity wants to relieve oneself an value of an already patented invention. This eject unless be through legally by seeking permission from the patent holder, assuming that the patent is still in force When the new cash advance is make the proprietor of it can head off the original patent owner from using the improvement and hence denying him of the right to exploit the patent.However some countries require that the invention be exploited in the jurisdiction it covers. once again the penalties of not operative an invention vary from country to country only when the common penalties ranges from repeal of the patent rights to honor of a license to any party in a position to exploit the invention. The patentee can seek legal repair and challenge the revocation or the issuance of the license. But there exists a mountainous hurdle in offering of tangible evidence that, the necessary of the public postulate unfeignedly been met by the working the invention.Generally patents can only be put in force through reliancefulness jibes (e.g. in US, patent infringements are handled in the US federal accosts) in other countries like France and Australia criminal penalties for patent infringements are given. In case of an infringement the patent owner pass on demand to be stipendiary fiscally for past infringement and then(prenominal) alike seek to bar the defendant (infringer)from engaging in any further acts of infringement. However it is not evermore easy for the patent owner to prove that infringement really took place. As such, he is required to establish that the accused practiced all that the patent was authorize to again, the discommode of independent jurisdictions pa tent rights tradition to a fault arises.The above statements nearly the powers of a patent owner are nice evidence to show that there is a great limitation on the patent owner because the accused has a right to challenge the rigourousness of a patent .It is common for civil courts hearing patent cases to cite patents invalid. The basis on which a patent can be declared invalid are stated on the patent agreement, and again this varies from one jurisdiction to another(prenominal). However some countries like UK hold back laws discoursing infringers from challenging the harshness of patents. In the UK this discouraged through the certificate of contested validity. Nevertheless not all patent rights departures are settled through litigatation. Majority of these disputes are settled through private patent licensing agreements.These agreement are just now practical, legal contracts whereby the patent owner ( in any case know as licensor) voluntarily decides not to sue an infring er in return of some payment .Research shows that this is common in companies which deals with complex products. These companies also issue patented licenses to other business rivals nether what is cognise as cross licensing agreements. This in turn facilities the cross accessing of severally(prenominal) other inventions (special problems in patent cases 66.FRD 529,197 by Ho ward T Markey) As seen above different jurisdictions have different traditions of approaching patenting, but it should be far-famed that in legion(predicate) nations both one entities (natural persons) and corporate entities can assume for a patent. On issuance of this patent then the entity (ies) be muster ups the owners of the patents. However, it is mandatory that the inventor (s) be named so that the public can construct to know how the owner(s) of the patent acquired the rights. For example in US only the inventor(s) (natural person) can apply for a patent, in cases of multi inventors then each inve ntor is given a patent which s very independent from those given to other co- inventors .It is a mean(prenominal) practice also in US for inventors to assign their monomania rights to a corporate body, this is done in cases of multi-inventors so that only one single entity has the rights to grant a license. Another reason is to increase the liquidity of the patent as property, so that inventors can be in a position to sell them to a third party, who in turn owns the patent as though they were the real investors.From the above detailed data about the lick efficacy of patents and patent rights it is evident that patents and patent rights make to be saved by relevant laws so that neither party i.e. patent owners, authorities, and infringers is penetrable to mistreatment. Therefore nations and also internal communities have come up with laws that govern the enforcement of patents. Patents as such therefrom, are governed by laws at a study level and at an inter issue level thro ugh signing of treaties. It can be said that patents are therefore not national but territorial in nature. It is traditional that every nation forms a patent post which carries out patenting responsibilities in regards of the laws of the country. However cases of infringements are odd to be catered by national courts.On an external scale it is the work of the world treat organization (WTO) to traumaonize these patent laws. Agreement have been reached successfully in aligning these patent laws .Adherence to these agreements is a mandatory requirement for admission to the WTO, a incidentor leading to mass compliance by some(prenominal) nations .Even the lifting countries are not left back although they have been cognize to enforce national laws protecting their local industries. A paramount international meting held in Paris relating to patent placements culminated in the signing of the above agreement.Although the agreement does not have a consequential legal effect in natio nal jurisdictions its principles are widely inculcated in galore(postnominal) contemporary patent administrations. For instance one such principle is the right to claim priority which allows an masking fill up in a member state of the Paris coming upon to be valid for one year and also to be alter in any other member state and still amaze its original filling date. This is a great achievement since patent ownership is entirely date oriented.Again the powers and dynamics of patents vary from sate to another. In US for example, the lands prime law (constitution), gives the congress the mandate to buzz off laws, to promote, and cover the progress of Science and useful Arts. These laws once passed, are then enshrined in Title 35 of the linked States Code. The United States patent and trademark place (USPTO) was created under the above laws. (US patent activity, 1790 to present http//www. Upstaged/ blade/ offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/h-counts-html). In UR, patent laws are contai ned in the patents Act 1977 (amended).On international perspective, as mentioned above there exists international freely procedures e.g. procedures under European patent convention (EPC) which works under European patent organization (EPO) and patent cooperation Treaty (PCT) among many others. Similar treaties exist in African fill countries. For a natural person or a corporate entity to be awarded a patent then an application requesting the same has to be filled at the relevant patent office. This application contains such information like how to make and put the invention into use and also the utility of the invention. befaces contained in the application form is claims which explain a good deal about the invention and the extend of patent rights in regards to applicants wishes.The above details together with a written description with drawings are part of the patent specification. In some nations like US, the applicant is also required to include the most effective way to mak e and practice the invention. The claim part acts as a disclosure to the public on the limits to which the patentee has over the invention. In other wrangle a claim shows what the patent covers and what does not cover. It should be noted also that a single patent can have numerous claims, each regarded as an independent invention.Once the above requirements have been provided it is now the handicraft of the patent office to counter check whether the application is in fiat with the relevant legal groomings in parity to the particular gold of patents. Once it is approved the patent takes effect from the date issued and it is subject to per annum renewals so as to remain in force in relation to (Egbert vs. Lippmenn, 104 U.S. 333 (1881) the corset case) The US supreme court passed a ratiocination that any inventor who has not applied for a patent for to a greater extent than eleven years of using the invention, cannot be given one. Hence there is a need to seek for a patent once an invention has been made (http//www. Wolf Greenfield. Com/media/news. 9.pdf)In a summary of the above information about patent system four main aspects have clearly been discussed about, they includei. Inventing Through intensive research and consulting Scientists and artists are able to come up with inventions. The desire to dig more than and come up with inventions is catalyzed by the man of patent rights. Which comes with much money as a expiry of selling patent licensesii. Disclosing the invention made As per the meaning of patent, the disclosure of invention is for a common good. This is so because there are projections as to the rights of invention and hence inventors feel free to disclose their invention. This disclosure facilitates for victimisation of patent right when the present-day(prenominal) one expire or even improvements are made.iii. To invest in producing, experimenting, and marketing of the invention. This is done out the faith that infrequent cases are well protected against.iv. Designing and improving of primarily patents This can only be possible is details of already existing patents are disclosed to the public.All the above stuff reaching modern patent system allows for infant inventors to gain exclusive rights and therefore becoming licensors. They therefore gain financially and in the long run promoting more innovations. due(p) to loopholes the legal systems governing patents cases of double awarding of patents have been common. (According to R.Buck minster Fuller 1938). due to the increasing number of inventions the patent filling systems are becoming more complex day and day and hence there is a likehood of awarding a patent to an invention already patented forrader.However with the interpolation of reliable computing system this has been kept at bay. According to Michael Heller, a law professor and Rebecca Sue Eisenberg in a 1998 in their 1998 learning name, intellectual property Rights (IPR) have become so much fragmentize that signing them will require an agreement with all the owners of fragments. Another big hurdle in patents is that they discourage innovations especially with corporate entities who whitethorn own many patents and enter into litigations incases of infringement although they are doing absolutely nothing to develop the invention. Other numerous problems also exist and as a core critisms have been common argue the patents system and proposing for their abolition altogether.Lastly, it will be fair to put forth some historical information regarding the existence of patents. Reliable evidence suggests that the archetypal stints of patents can be traced to ancient Greek cities whereby any one who came up with a new recipe was allowed to make the food for one year. On the other hand, modern patents can be traced to the republic of Venice whereby new inventions were publicly communicated to prevent undue infringement. Other countries followed suit e.g. U.K, US and therefore the idea of patents spread through other separate of the World. The above detailed account about patents gives a reader of this theme a sound basis to now tackle the issue of financial serve industry, lobbying strategies in the addressing of the patent reform history ( statute) before the hundred-and-tenth congress.As already explained above the patents system in united states are under the body known as United States patent and guile mark organization (USPTO).This body is therefore incharge of issuance of patents to inventors. According to a 2004 invoice by National Agency of a sciences and another report of 2003 report by Federal Trade Commissioner a schnoz (patent rejuvenate Act 2005) was proposed. The main aim of this measuring rod was to try and fill a theme of modernity in the USA patent system. Although it was not until 2007 when this explanation was introduced to the bicameral US parliament (Senate and House of representatives).This batting order now known as The patent Reform Act of 2007 was introduced as a proposition in the hundred-and-tenth US congress for discussion and eventual change of the United States Patent Laws. The tiptops main objective was to make for the the Statesn patent laws to the same level with other countries patent laws. (According to a patent system for the 21st century, by Stephen. A. Merrill Richard L. Levin and mark B. Myers, 2004- (http//www ton. plenty.eds/catalog//76.html) The main changes brought by this legislation were I). Converting US from a first- to- invent system to a first- inventor- to -file system. This bill will induce US to conformity with other countries of world. This system will also reduce legal costs, simplify the patent process, improve honor and also facilitate a movement towards h build uponized international patent system. It is also agreed that this change will reduce the complexity associated with the current USPTO interference proceedings.This will therefore make inventors to foc us more on inventing. Since this change would make US to be in harmony with other countries it will help US inventors to pursue their innovative dreams in more consisted manner. On the hand, critics have agreed that this system of first to file will encourage unnecessary USPTO with unharmonized disclosure information therefore quality of patents is compromised. Again the small scale inventors will be at a harm when competing with large co operations in the race to the pattern office. The near major change was apportionment of distresss. The bill will seek to bring sanity in the award of damages due from infringements of patents. The bill allows a court of law to ensure that the damages are paid check to the prevailing economic conditions pertaining to the patented invention.This was seen a measure to cut prodigal royalty payment infringed patented. Large technological companies and financial services industries back up this change because they lie on features which are in mos t cases in patented. Critics of this system argued that, the congress should not attempt to prioritize the factors that a court may apply when determining reasonable damage rights. This system may also undermine the existing licenses and therefore leads to the rise of litigation. Those critics included USPTO, the bioengineering among many others.Other charges embedded in the bill included Allowing a third party assignee to file a patent application, Revising procedures for patent interference disputes Allowing financial institutions to infringe patents on the check collection system, Allowing a person who is not the patent owner to file a entreat with the board cancel a patent as invalid among many other changes. These changes sought to facilitate a general overhaul of the US patent system. Which according to the coalition for 21st century patent evanesce was in dire need for periodic examination and foundational changes (http//www.ipfrolmer.com/depts/artic.asp?id=14890&deptid=4 )This reform bill on patents was introduced to the House of Representatives by a democrat, MR. Howard Berman and in the senate by another Democrat, MR. Patrick Leahy. It was passed in the House of Representatives but put under more examen pending voting in the senate sideline its introduction in the 110th United States Congress. The bill has been faced with positive and negative critisms from different organizations. Those organizations lobbying for its resultant adoption argue that, the bill is necessary to bringing in the much needed changes and consequently reduce the number of soaring ills which are cleansing innovation. Some of these organizations include coalition for patent fairness, Business software bond intellectual property owners association and lastly the Statesn institute of show public accounts.Those according to them are trippingening the rights of patent owners innovations included the following national small business organization, innovatiove alliance, Biot echnology industry organization among others (http//www.napp, org/resources/nap opp to 2007 senate Bill. pdf) According to the US department of commerce the only part which need some revision is section 4 which they argue may harm the nations intellectual property system.The bill also attracted critisms from international community with a Chinese expert calling the bill insincere since it is weakening the rights of patent owners in US when US has been urging the Chinese government to strengthen the rights of their patent owners. An observation also comes from India pharmaceutical coalescence who argued the bills provision allows for the validity of a US patent to be challenged now after issuance. They also predict that the bill may spare Indian manufacturers since it reduces legal costs and risks. (Http.economictrimes.com/article show/mst 22256,pr+page 1.cms1)The lobbying strategiesThe first hesitancy one should ask himself when tackling this debate is very simple, how is the p roposed patent reform bill going to affect the performance of the financial institutions? Secondly has the current patent laws been in favor of the financial institutions? With these both questions in mind then it is very easy to the financial institutions stand in respect to these reforms. Consequently, therefore, the lobbying strategies they utilization will be directly related to these effects. This issue of patent reforms may seem to a nonprofessional to be of no consequential fix and therefore does not deserve much thought but to the business community things are very different. The above detailed account of the pros and cons of the patent reform bill, it is very clear that there exists a tug-of war amid some of the corporate US citizens.On one side of the war are much dreaded patent trolls or better known as patent sharks-small firms or individuals who wit fully trap large manufacturers in patent infringement suits in order to benefit from damage awards. On the other side of this war are financial institutions, which, includes banks and restitution firms who have joined hands with large tech-companies. It is understood that these two sectors have been faced with regular lawsuits coming from the much-dreaded patent sharks. At the center of the dispute is the current Americas patent system that is suffering from lack of a major policy overhaul for along period of time and struggling to proceed in level with innovation in thev21st century.Therefore, financial institutions have always found themselves in a hot spot under the current patent laws. It is in this light that any reforms that seeks to address their plight is seen as a relieve to them. The first strategy therefore employed by these financial institutions was the formation of a bargaining platform in the form of the coalition of patent fairness. This group lobbied the senate to help curb the weak patents and bourgeois lawsuits from patent sharks.The group also lobbied against a ruling made by the federal appeals court that opened doors for patents on business methods, including different types of banking, investments and insurance techniques. It is through this lobbying that, the senate administration committee included a provision that grants banks immunity against lawsuits from patent holders like Texas Company Data Treasury, which holds patent on a method of digitally scanning, sending and storing checks.Another strategy used by financial firms is by applying for patents. These patents unlike those of other industries are not primarily for financial gains but for defensive purposes against the escalating number of patent infringement cases from the much-dreaded patent sharks. monetary institutions in US are also exploiting the fact that US is the only nation in the world to have been left back using the first-to-invent system of patenting to lobby the international organizations (WTO).this seems to have borne fruits because the USPTO seems to have yielded to the pres sure and therefore agreed to bring some changes. This has worked through the harmonisation of the US patenting system with the rest of the world.After the House of Representatives passed its version of the bill, many AUTM members frantically contacted their congressional members a move that enabled many parts of the bill to be amended. However the senate bill remained to be harmonized. Following great concern from the university community and other bodies, a number of changes were made. One lobbying strategy, which financial services institution used was voicing their concerns through the AUTM, an organization of many universities and other bodies that induces closeness to industries. It should be noted that the AUTM and the university community were not in anyhow against the improvement of US patent system. Their main concern was to see that before the bill was finally voted for in the senate, the contentious parts should be first fine-tuned. As a show of great support to the impr ovement of the US patent system, the university group therefore put fourth the following suggestions (i) a one-year grace period for first inventor and strong inventor oath should be included.ii)Removal of the previous user rights expansion in favour of study of issue university patent can be in a risk of expanding prior user rights iii) Venue reform provision that set free universities and technology transfer foundations that offer patent services to universities. The bill as it were had many provisions that were of great concern to US universities chiefly because it undermined the ability of the universities to transfer technology to local industries. This was due to the making of patents difficult to protect decreasing the amount of damages patent holder can get from an infringer and opening new avenues for infringers to put to task the validity of issued patents. This change of USPTO rules and the issue of Supreme Court in mind made it more burdensome, and expensive to get, ma intain and even enforce patents. It also poses difficulties for Universities when starting companies, which attract jeopardy funding.Other areas, which concerned Universities and financial institutions were, are as follows-i. A unconditional search report and analyses, which reflect heavily on the financial aspects of Universities on technology, transfer offices.ii. Absence of meaningful inadequate contact reformiii. An open-ended, post-grant administrative review of patent quality.iv. Venue reform policy that forces patentee to file suits in the infringer home district court andv. Apportionment of damages in patent infringement suits.Another strategic lobbying device at the disposal of financial institutions and other concerned organizations was through approaching federal traffic ships officer near them. These federal relations officers are discharged with the main duty of acting as the intermediaries between the people and senate (legislators). Due to the bill, having so many controversial sections, there was an urgent need for the stakeholders to harmonize their divergent views and come up with a consensus.This was achieved through the congressional research service (CRS) an arm of United State Congress that provides policy and legal advices to committees and members of both the contribute and the Senate regardless of party affiliations. The CRS committee collects views from the public and then they act accordingly. Again, this CRS also carries out civic education concerning the interpretation of bills and their effect to the lives of the common person. memory of workshops and seminars with the other stakeholders was another worthwhile strategy used to help bring every concerned party on board so that when the legislation is adopted no one would feel shortchanged. Workshops are known to bring warring parties together on a mutual agreement. These workshops therefore lobbied the opposing bodies into ceding some of their unrealistic demands.Financial ser vices institutions through their attorneys lobbied the senate judiciary committee into making provisions that gave them more power in the using of technologies made by other inventors. These technologies are necessary in the improvement of banking services offered to customers. The bill therefore needed to be lobbied and subsequently harmonized. closing curtainThe AUTM through their technology transfer managers evaluated impact of the long legislation on its general operations and therefore come up with a strategy, evolve the university management and also other interested and the work with the federal relations officer, who in turn contacts the lawmakers. This technology transfer managers advice the legislators on the need to go the dialogue way so that at end of it all no constituency feels as being shortchanged by the passing of the patent reform legislation.In general, the current state of the bill would weaken the entire American patent system by making patented under to prote ct. The damages entitled to a patent owner after an infringement has been reduced adding flavour to the wound. New avenues for infringers to challenge an already issued patent have also been opened. Although the bill continues to be harmonized bit by bit, the university technology transfer system still view some areas as not fully catered for.The legislation also provides for a patent trial and appeal bond, which is charged with the responsibilities of reviewing decisions of examiners upon applications and review proceedings. Financial services institution therefore can utilize this avenue in addressing and subsequent challenging of the patent reforms legislations. This board comes as an indication on how this reform legislation has deliberately been drafted and therefore only postulate to be harmonized on the small areas.However, it is fair to say that America need this bill to at least bring some accord with rest of the world because it has been the only country adopting the first-invent system of patenting. Two, according to Senator Leahy, America needs an efficient and streamlined patent system if it is to remain in the forefront of the world economy. This patent will bring quality and at the same time discourage counter productive litigations. Senator Berman on his side argued that, there should be no doubt, as to whether the US system of patenting produces amply quality patents, and therefore changing the existing patenting practices through the congress is the only way out.The bill also, should not be viewed with suspicion since it was founded and introduced in the two houses on a bipartisan basis. It is also the bedrock of American innovation, and therefore there is great need to protect innovation and creativity, according to Senator Hatch.Financial services industry being one of the major economic players of the United State of America, needs also to standup on its own and voice out their grievances. In addition, financial services institutions like banks and insurance companies have a duty to challenge the patent reforms legislation because they have started to seek apology from infringement lawsuits from patent sharks. This was facilitated through the introduction of financial patents.ReferencesMore about patent reforms, available at,1) http//www.ipfrolmer.com/depts/artic.asp?id=14890&deptid=4, accessed on april30 2008Effects of patent reforms, available at,2)Http.economictrimes.com/article show/mst 22256,pr+page 1.cms1) , accessed on april30 2008Patent reforms for 21st cen. available at,3) http//www ton.nap.eds/catalog//76.html) accessed on april30 2008US patent and trademark office, available at,4) http//www. Upstaged/web/ offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/h-counts-html accessed on april30 2008Regulations governing patent application, available at,5) http//www. Wolf Greenfield. Com/media/news. 9.pdf) accessed on april30 2008More about patenting, available at,6)http//www.ipaustralia-gov.au/patents/what_index.sch.html) accessed on april30 2008Patenting and innovations, available at,7) Heller, M.A., & Eisenberg, R.S. (1998). Can Patents deter Innovation? The Ant commons in Biomedical Research. Science.Different organizations retort towards the patent reform bill, available at8) http//dev.bsa.org/country/public%20policy/patents.aspx, accessed on april30 2008

Organizational Behavior at My Company Essay

To understand how the concept of organisational behavior bottomland be applied and described through the fake environment of My Company, I depart first explore a general definition of what organisational Behavior is and then touch on how the individual constituents apply. According to Stephen Robbins, author of our organizational Behavior textbook, Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the force that individuals, conferences, and bodily structure deem on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying much(prenominal) know leadge toward improving an organizations effectiveness(9). The first component of this definition is to see the impact that the individuals cod, followed by the impact of the stemings, and then in the end the impact of the structure. I will expand on each of these argonas and relate them to the current practices within My Company.It is probable that the single most prevalent chance of organizational behavior through the eyes of an employee would be the impact that they personally take on on the company. What this implies, is that when I reach to describe the impact individuals switch to the company, it will be solely from my horizon as a non-managerial employee. Had my perspective been from that of an employee in a management-level position, it would most likely differ. From the experiences that I have had in the two and a half years that I have worked at My Company, it seems to me that individuals are encouraged to take the initiative to make their work as productive as possible. I have been part of many changes that have been initiated by non-management level employees to try and streamline and improve efficiencies within the company. This has led me to believe that one of the in-use espoused values is that of empowering all levels of employees with the ability to make changes that will directly affect their particular areas.When evaluating the group component and how that relates to th e My Company environment, I am going to make the assumption that a group is the alike of a department. These departmental segregations help to increase internal accountability and localize what each group will be obligated for. Each group has its own independent structure and operates a little distinctly depending on the style of the individual manager. Many of these groups (departments) faecal matter be broken pour down into subgroups to further delegatecomponents of work. The outcome is that within each department or group there is a hierarchy where you will find different forms of leadership. Some of these subgroup leaders lead by being experts in their handle rather than having a title of being a manager. Within my group there is a distinct leader that I work for.I have found that if I am struggling with a confound or if I cannot define the scope of a job that I am working on often times I can rely on help from the leader of my group to help deliver the goods the desir ed results. If for some reason components (individuals) within my subgroup started to perform poorly, the outcome could have serious consequences to the productivity of our entire department. Conversely, if we were able to drastically improve exploit metrics for our areas of responsibility, we would then be able to offset some work from other areas within the group. This interdependence of the subgroups has helped our group to have much concur of the aspects that will impact how productively the company will continue to be going forward.Through the process of defining the groups within My Company, I have made reference to the internal group structure. Instead of rehashing this same education and tying it back to the structural component mentioned in the definition of organizational behavior, I am going to relate how my manager is able to structure her team to be as effective and productive as possible. aspect through the four essential management functions (Robbins 5) defined i n our version material, (planning, organizing, leading and controlling) I am able to see how my manager struggles to incessantly apply these ideas in her day to day responsibilities. Our group organizes weekly meetings where we try to plan what tasks we would like to undertake in the near future.My manager is responsible for keeping these meetings in focus so that overall group objectives are met. Through controlling and delegating within these meetings, she has shown the ability to lead our group and engage different strengths of individuals to maximize our effectiveness. Being able to take more of an observational role in this situation has helped me to understand the different idiosyncrasies that embody within our company and department. By identifying these quirks I feel that I am able to better understand how many of the different internal components and slew must work together in order to achieve desired results. This has helped me to recognize, at leastat the group level, how one can utilize many of the resources to maximize efficiencies within My Company.Works CitedRobbins, Stephen. Organizational Behavior. New island of Jersey Pearson, 2001.

Investigating the Volume of a Drop Essay

Criteria Planning (a) Planning (b) Data Collection Data Processing and foundation Conclusion and evaluationLaura HuLab Partner Tu Tai Kuong cabbageed January 20, 07 Completed January 27, 07 5 pages + raw dataPlanning (a) and (b)Objective To accurately mea certainly the raft of a downslope of body of urine system and arrant(a) salinity weewee on a lower floor two set temperatures.Hypothesis Since the mass of a substance changes as the temperature changes, we believe that the brashness of a eloquent would change as temperature changes. This is beca consumption we go to bed that density is equal to mass divided by account book. Density is diametrical dep closinging on its temperature and mass is constant. Therefore, with a difference in temperature, there entrust be a difference in volume.The second thing we herald is that flavour body of wet system will confirm a small volume per mow than piddle. This is because the density of salinityiness piss and the mass o f salinity water will be great than normal water due to the added flavour in the water. This will situate it heavier than regular water..Independent Variables Forces affecting the chuck push through as it is ab knocked out(p) to come down (gravity andshaking of take place)Where to neutralize estates ( may land on the sides of the beaker, making thedrop stick to the sides instead of dropping to the bottom) water supply evaporationAtmospheric pres certain(a)Dropping device type (diameter of the pop where the drop will comeout)Height from which the droplet will be dropped (prevent splashing) color of common salt waterNumber of drops that will be tested passage or increase in heat time conducting the prove symbiotic Variables Temperature of the liquidsThe type of liquidMaterials 2 Eye Droppers2 Thermometers2 receive piston chambers (0.5ml increments)MicrowaveRefrigerator (set at 1 degree Celsius)Paper towels stark(a) salt water ( remit salt dismantled into water at patht emperature until it cannot dissolve anymore)Nestle Pure Life natural sp plurality water (bottled water)4 Styrofoam instills1Procedures1.Prepare a data table with columns named Start volume, set aside record, contravention andVolume per drop. spokespersonStart volumeEnd Volume endVolume per drop2. devote bottled water two Styrofoam cups. Take one of the cups and add table salt in it. Mix it until the salt will not dissolve any longer. Put both cups in the fridge. Set the fridge to 1 degree Celsius. Leave them there overnight.3. The next day, take out the salt water and mix it a take on to make sure it is saturated. Put the Styrofoam cup containing the salt water into a second Styrofoam cup.4. Take an eye dropper, subscribe the eye dropper with salt water5. Take the calibrated cylinder and position it so that the end of the eyedropper is 2cm from the bottom of the graduated cylinder. Record the pop out volume of the liquid at bottom the cylinder (0 cm in this case).6. easil y drop 10 drops into the cylinder, maintaining a 1 cm distance mingled with the liquid and the end of the eyedropper. Record the volume. Dispose of the remaining water intimate the dropper. Fill the dropper again with salt water. Drop 10 drops into the cylinder. brand sure to carefully count every drop Record the end volumes.7. Repeat stones throw 5 five times.8. Clean out the graduated cylinder using tap water, and use paper towels to dry it clean.9. Put the salt water masking into the fridge.10. Take out the cold water (from the fridge), hurl it in another Styrofoam cup and repeat what you did in ill-treat 5-8.11. Put the water in the vaporize and heat it at senior high school power for 1 minute.12. Take it out, stir the water, measure the temperature (and write it down) and use the water to do steps 5-8 again.13. Take the salt water out, microwave it at high power for 1 minute.14. Repeat what you did in step 12 for the salt water.15. Clean everything up.Data CollectionAtt ached to the back of the lab.2Data Processing and PresentationDifference = End volume start volumeEx. End volume = 2.11ml, start volume = 2.00ml 2.11ml 2.00ml = 0.11 ml = differenceVolume per drop = Difference / 10 Ex. Difference = 0.11ml0.11ml/10 = 0.011ml = Volume per dropCold bottled water at 0.5+ 0.02 degrees CelsiusStar VolumeEnd VolumeDifferenceVolume per Drop2.00ml2.11ml0.11ml0.011 ml2.11 ml2.29 ml0.18 ml0.018 ml2.29 ml2.49 ml0.20 ml0.020 ml2.61 ml2.80 ml0.19 ml0.019 ml2.80 ml2.98 ml0.18 ml0.018 mlAverage volume per drop(0.011+0.018+0.020+0.018) / 5 = 0.0134ml locomote 0.013 mlUncertainty + 0.02 / 10 = + 0.002mlVolume per drop = 0.011ml to 0.015mlCold saturated salt water at 0.5 + 0.02 degrees CelsiusStar VolumeEnd VolumeDifferenceVolume per Drop2.00 ml2.12 ml0.12 ml0.012 ml2.12 ml2.30 ml0.18 ml0.018 ml2.30 ml2.41 ml0.11 ml0.011 ml2.41 ml2.60 ml0.19 ml0.019 ml2.60 ml2.71 ml0.11 ml0.011 mlAverage volume per drop(0.012+0.018+0.011+0.019+0.011) / 5 = 0.0142 mlRounded 0.014 mlU ncertainty + 0.02 / 10 = + 0.002mlVolume per drop = 0.012ml to 0.016mlWarm bottled water at 38 + 0.5 degrees CelsiusStar VolumeEnd VolumeDifferenceVolume per Drop2.00 ml2.11 ml0.11 ml0.011 ml2.10 ml2.30 ml0.20 ml0.020 ml2.30 ml2.45 ml0.15 ml0.015 ml2.45 ml2.60 ml0.15 ml0.015 ml2.60 ml2.81 ml0.21 ml0.015 mlAverage volume per drop(0.011+0.020+0.015+0.015+0.015) / 5 = 0.0152 ml3Rounded 0.015mlUncertainty + 0.02 / 10 = + 0.002mlVolume per drop = 0.013ml to 0.017mlWarm saturated salt water at 38 + 0.5 degrees CelsiusStar VolumeEnd VolumeDifferenceVolume per Drop2.00 ml2.10 ml0.10 ml0.010 ml2.10 ml2.31 ml0.21 ml0.021 ml2.21 ml2.34 ml0.13 ml0.013 ml2.34 ml2.49 ml0.15 ml0.015 ml2.60 ml2.71 ml0.11 ml0.011 mlAverage volume per drop (0.010+0.021+0.013+0.015+0.011) / 5 = 0.014ml Uncertainty + 0.02 / 10 = + 0.002mlVolume per drop = 0.012ml to 0.016mlConclusion and EvaluationOur experiment tested two variables (the type of liquid and the temperature) and how they affected the volume of a drop. Fr om our experiment, there is a slight difference between the volume of bottled water and the volume of salt water, so indeed it proves that the volume of a drop is dependant on the type of liquid we use.I also hypothesized that salt water would contain a smaller volume per drop than bottled water. This surmise was disproved in the experiment. We found that the volume of a drop of bottled water at 0.5 degrees Celsius is 0.01ml less than the volume of a drop of saturated salt water at 0.5 degrees Celsius.For our experiment, we couldnt prove that temperature affected the temperature affects the volume of a liquid because the volume of a drop of our bottled water increased by 0.02ml while the volume of a drop of warm saturated salt water remained exactly the corresponding. Quite unexpectantly, we discovered that a drop of bottled water is greater in volume than a drop of salt water after(prenominal)wards theyre heated up to 38 degrees Celsius.All our data, however is wholly true IF we disregard the series of lab errors that may have neutered the results. Here is the list of lab errorsLab Errors1. Every drop that comes out of the eyedropper is a result of gravity pulling the drop of water out of the eyedropper opening. Because the squash of gravity is constant, we can assume that every drop has the same volume, unless there was another force involved. This other force is the shaking of the hand holding the eyedropper. To prevent this, we first planned to tape the eyedropper to a ring stand. This way it would stay motionless so that no other force except gravity would act on every individual drop. Unfortunately, the eyedropper was not long enough to reach far enough into the graduated cylinder, therefore we held the eye dropped ourselves while dropping the liquids. For this reason, the shaking of our hand may have affected the results of our data.42. To prevent liquids from splashing onto the sides of the graduated cylinder, we decided to make every drop 1 cm above the liquid inside the cylinder. This would prevent each drop from making the water splash excessively much.3. Since we couldnt use the ring stand, the drops may have gotten stuck to the sides of the graduated cylinder because we couldnt guarantee that the eyedropper was held vertically over the water. Even if we did make sure it was vertically straight, our hands might have shook, flinging the drop so that it would rack up the side.4. Water evaporation may have occurred when we were performing the lab, so forrader recording the data for 10 drops, there may have been a little bit of water that had evaporated so each drop is genuinely slightly bigger than what we had recorded.5. We are not 100 percent sure that we counted the correct number of drops because there seems to be a few trials that had an remarkably large volume compared to the other trials. This may have also been because the water stuck to the sides of the graduated cylinder came down and added to the volume of one trial.6. Since the graduated cylinder we used only went up in 0.5ml increments, we had to estimate the 0.01ml values. Our data may be off by 0.01 or 0.02ml (thus a + 0.02ml error).7. Atmospheric shove affects the results slightly. This is something we cannot control, however we did the entire in a short period of time, so the atmospheric pressure should have been somewhat the same during that period of time.8. We couldnt make sure that NO heat would be lost or gained when we took the coldwater from out of the fridge or when we took it out of the microwave. We insulated the water with 2 Styrofoam cups, but even that couldnt make sure that no heat would be gained or lost. Also, water would lose or gain heat as we are dropping each drop, or when it is seance in the graduated cylinder, waiting to be measured and recorded. For this reason, each drop may be a little bigger or smaller in volume than our recorded values.9. We tried to control the saltiness of the salt water by making it saturated salt water. To do this, we put much more salt than is needed to saturate the water, into the container. We stirred until no more salt was dissolved, or so it seemed. We couldnt be suddenly sure that the water was saturated because maybe the salt was just disintegration more slowly, but it was still being dissolved.10. When we were heating up the water inside salt water, we still had a little bit of salt left on the bottom.. This may have caused a problem because when we wanted saturated water, we wanted it saturated at 0.5 degrees. After we heat the salt water, it wouldnt be saturated anymore, so more salt would be able to be dissolved into the solution. This means that the salt water after getting heated was slightly saltier than before it was heated.

Coyote Blue Chapter 1~2

post 1EpiphanyCHAPTER 1Life Will Find YouSanta Barbara, California magic spell magic powder was sprinkled on the sidewalk turn upside, sur example-to-air missileuel Hunter move intimately his office like a elevator auto, firing fall turn out ph adept c e actually last(predicate)s, checking ready reckoner printouts, and barking orders to his secretary. It was how he began every business day running in machine mode until he left for his send-off sales appointment and correct on the right persona for the prospect.People who knew surface-to-air missile found him hardworking, in certifyigent, and flat lik competent, which is exactly what he desireed them to view. He was confident and successful in business, srailway carce he wore his success with a humi lighten upy that put plenty at ease. He was tall, lean, and quick with a smile, and people said he was as comfortable in a Savile Row suit onward a boardroom of businessmen as he was lounging in jeans at Santa Barbaras wh arf, trading stories and lies with the fishermen. In fact, the apparent ease with which surface-to-air missile mastered his environment was the single disturbing quality people noticed in him. How was it that a guy could play so many roles so well, and never depend uncomfortable or out of place? Something was missing. It wasnt that he was a unfavourable guy, it was just that you could never go about close to him, you never got a see for who he actually was, which is exactly how surface-to-air missile wanted it. He vox populi a show of desire, of passion, of anger even, would bemuse him away, so he inhibit these emotions until he no longer felt them. His life was strong, level, and safe.So it happened that on an autumn-soft sunny day, not 2 weeks after his thirty-fifth birthday, some 20 eld after he had run away from home, surface-to-air missileuel Hunter stepped out of his office onto the sidewalk and was poleaxed by desire.He saw a lady friend loading groceries into an old Datsun Z that was parked at the curb, and to the core of his being, Sam wanted her.Later he would recall the details of her appearance a line of muscle on a tan thigh, cutoff jeans, the undercurve of a breast showing below the half shirt, yellow hair fix up haphazardly, tendrils escaping to brush high cheekbones and wide dark-brown look barely her effect on him now was like a long, oily sax note that started somewhere in that lizard part of the brain where the libido resides and resonated gobble up his body to the tendons in his groin and arse into his stomach to form a knot that nearly doubled him over.You want her? The question came from beside him, a mans joint that startled him a bit, scarce not enough for him to tear his look from the misfire.The question came again. You want her?Already off balance, Sam turned toward the voice, thus stepped grit in surprise. A young Indian man dressed to the nines(p) in obtuse buckskins fringed with red feathers sat on the sidewalk by the office adit. While Sam tried to regain psychogenic reason, the Indian dazzled a grin and pulled a long stumper from his belt.If you want her, go get her, he said. Then he flipped the sticker across the sidewalk into the front tire of the young ladys car. There was a hunker and a high squealing hiss as the air get away the tire.What was that? the girl said. She slammed the hatchback and moved to the front of the car.Sam, in a panic, looked for the Indian, who had disappeared, and thence for the knife, which had vanished as well. He turned and looked with the glass door into his outmost office, nevertheless the Indian wasnt there either.I cant believe I unpatterneded this, the girl said, staring at the flattened tire. Ive done it again. Ive manifested failure.Sams confusion blossomed. What are you lecture about?The girl turned and looked at him for the first time, studied him for a second, then said, Every time I get a melodic line I manifest some kind of tragedy that ruins my chances of keeping it. scarce its just a flat tire. You cant manifest a flat tire. I saw the guy that did this. It was Sam stopped himself. The Indian in black had triggered his fears of being found out, of going to prison. He didnt want to relive the shock. It was believably some glass you cracked up. You cant annul that sort of thing. wherefore would I manifest glass in my tire? The question was in earnest she searched Sams face for an answer. If he had one, he lost it in her eyes. He couldnt get a grip on how to react to any of this.He said, The Indian-Do you absorb a phone? she interrupted. I adopt to call work and tell them Ill be late. I dont return a spare.I can give you a effort, Sam said, smell stupidly proud of himself for being able to speak at all. I was just leaving for an appointment. My cars nearly the corner.Would you do that? I have to go all the way to pep pill call down Street.Sam looked at his watch, out of habit exactly hed have impelled her to Alaska if she had asked. No problem, he said. Follow me.The girl grabbed a bundle of habiliments from the Datsun and Sam led her just about the corner to his Mercedes. He opened the door for her and tried not to watch her get in. Whenever he looked at her his drumhead went blank and he had to thrash around looking for what to do next. As he got in the car he caught a glimpse of her brown legs against the black leather seat and forgot for a moment where the ignition time slot was. He stared at the dashboard and tried to calm himself, even as he was thinking, This is an accident waiting to happen.The girl said, Do you think that the Germans desexualize such good cars to atone for the Holocaust?What? He started to look at her, but instead turned his attention to the road. No, I dont think so. Why do you ask?It doesnt matter, I guess. I just thought it exponent bother them. I have a leather jacket that I cant wear anymore because when I have it on I have to drive miles out of my way to avoid going by overawe pastures. Not that the cows would want it back zippers are hard for them but they have such pretty eyes, it makes me feel bad. These seats are leather, arent they?Vinyl, Sam said. A new kind of vinyl. He could smell her scent, a salmagundi of jasmine and citrus, and it was making driving as difficult as following her conversation. He turned the air-conditioning on full and concentrated on timing the lights.I wish I had calf eyes those long lashes. She pulled down the apex and looked in the vanity mirror, then bent over until her head was almost at the steering wheel and looked at Sam. He glanced at her and felt his breath catch in his throat as she smiled.She said, You have thriving eyes. Thats unusual for someone with such dark skin. Are you an Arab?No, Im I dont know. Im a mongrel, I guess.I never met a Mongrel before. I harken they were great horsemen, though. My mother used to read me that poem In Xanadu did K ublai caravan inn a stately pleasure dome decree. I dont record the rest. Someone told me that the Mongrels were like the bikers of their time.Who told you that?This person whos a biker.Person? Sam knew there was some reality to grab on to somewhere, a property from which he could regain control, if only he could get a bully answer.Do you know where the Tangerine Tree Cafe is on upper State? Thats where I work.Just tell me a block or so before we get to it.Even after twenty years Sam found it impossible to distinguish one area of Santa Barbara from some other. Everything was the aforesaid(prenominal) white stucco with red tile roofs. The metropolis had been partially undo by an earthquake in 1925, and since then the city planners had required all commercial buildings to be built in the Spanish-Moorish style they even set the shade of white that buildings were painted. The result was a beautifully consistent city with almost no distinctive landmarks. Sam usually spotted hi s reference just as he passed it.That was it back there, the girl said.Sam pulled the car to the curb. Ill go around the block.She opened the car door. Thats okay, I can start out here.No I dont mind, really. He didnt want her to go. Not yet. scarce she was out of the car in an instant. She bent back in and offered her extend to to shake.Thanks a lot. I work until four. Ill need a ride back to my car. See ya. And she was gone, leaving Sam with his hand appease across-the-board and the image of her cleavage burned onto his retinas.He sat for a moment, difficult to catch his breath, feeling disoriented, grateful, and a little relieved, as if he had looked up just in time to slam on the brakes and avoid a collision. He took his cigarettes from his jacket and shook one out of the pack, but when he reached for the lighter he noticed the bundle of clothes alleviate lying on the seat. He grabbed the clothes, got out of the car, and headed down the street to the cafe. The doors to t he cafe were the big, heavy, hand-carved, pseudo-Spanish iron-banded variety common to almost all Santa Barbara restaurants, but once through them the decor was strictly Fifties Diner. Sam approached a gray-haired muliebrity in a waitress uniform who was manning the cash register at the head of the long counter. He didnt see the girl.Excuse me, he said. The girl that just came in here the blonde she left these in my car.The cleaning lady looked him up and down and seemed surprised at his appearance. Calliope? she said, incredulously. Sam check up on his tie for spots, his fly for altitude.I dont know her name. I just gave her a ride to work. She had a flat tire.Oh. The woman seemed relieved. You didnt look like her type. She went to the back to change. I guess she wont get far without these. The woman took the clothes from him. Did you want to speak to her? she asked.No, I guess not. I guess Ill let her get to work.Its no problem, that other guy is waiting for her too. The woman nodded down the counter. Sam followed her gaze to where the Indian was sitting, smoking a cigarette and blowing the smoke in four directions with each drag. He looked up at Sam and grinned. Sam backed away from the counter and through the doors, tripping on the step down to the sidewalk, almost falling, but catching himself on the wrought-iron railing.He leaned on the railing feeling as if he had just taken a hard shot to the jaw. He shook his head and tried to find some sort of order to what was happening. It could be some kind of apparatus the girl and the Indian in it together. But how could they know who he was? How did the Indian get to the cafe so fast? And if it was blackmail, if they knew about the killing, then why be so sneaky about it?As he climbed back into the Mercedes he tried to shake off the feeling of foreboding that was move over him like a night fog. Hed just met the most beautiful woman he had ever seen and shortly he would see her again. He had come to h er rescue what better first impression? Even if he hadnt planned it. The Indian was a coincidence. Life was good, right?He started the car and put it into gear only to realize that he couldnt remember where he was going. There had been an appointment when he left the office. He drove several(prenominal) blocks trying to remember the appointment and who he was going to be when he got there. Finally he gave up and pressed the autodialer on his cellular phone. As the phone beeped through the numbers to his office it hit him the source of his discomfort. The Indian had had golden eyes.In the time it took for his secretary to answer, twenty years of his life, of disaffirmation and deception, was pulled away in a stinging black undertow, leaving him feeling helpless and afraid.CHAPTER 2element 109 Medicine sotCrow Country, MontanaBlack tarnish Follows thundered across the dawn silence of a frost-glazed junior-grade Bighorn basin, out of Crow Agency, under Highway 90, and into the grav el set lot of Wileys Food and Gas. A 77 ocher-colored overages Cutlass rattletrap diesel, Black bribe Follows stopped, coughed, belched, and engulfed itself in a greasy black cloud of exhaust. When the cloud moved on, wafting like a portable eclipse through the golden poplar and ash trees on the Little Bighorns banks, Adeline Eats stood by the Cutlass distorted shape the baling wire that held the drivers door shut.Adelines blue-black hair was layered large and lacquered into a flip. A hot-pink parka over her flannel shirt and overalls added a Michelin soldiery concentric-circle symmetry to her oval shape. As the Cutlass chugged and bucked the thing that refused to die Adeline lit a Salem 100, took a deep drag, then delivered a ferocious red Reebok kick to Black Cloud Followss fender. Stop it, she said.Obediently, the car strike down silent and Adeline gave the fender an affectionate pat. This old car had been indirectly answerable for getting her a husband, six childr en, and a job. She couldnt bring herself to be signify to it for long.Walking around to unlock the back door, she noticed something lying in a tuft of frost-covered buffalo grass something in any case frost covered, that looked very much like a body. If hes dead, she reasoned, he can wait until Ive make some coffee. If he aint, hell probably want some.She let herself into the store and waddled around turning on lights and unlocking doors, then started the coffee and went out to unlock the laundromat, another of the cinder-block buildings in the Wileys Food and Gas complex, which also included an eight-room motel. Crunching back through the grass, she looked at the body again, which hadnt moved. But for the frost, Old Man Wiley would have been out at dawn setting gopher traps all over the causa and would have taken care of the body problem. He would have also given Adeline no end of shit about Black Cloud Follows, which he had been doing for fifteen years.It had been Wiley, a whit e man, who had named the car in the first place. It was not the Crow way to name cars or animals, but Wiley deep in thought(p) no chance to get in a dig at the people from whom he made his living. perhaps, Adeline thought, a morning of peace was cost dealing with a body.When the coffee was finished, she filled two large Styrofoam forms (one for her and one for the body) and poured a generous amount of net profit in each. The body had long braids, so she assumed he was Crow and would probably take sugar if he was alive. If he was dead Adeline would drink his, and she definitely wanted sugar. buttocks in the buffalo days, the Cheyenne prophet Sweet Medicine had seen a vision of men with hair on their faces who would come bringing a white gritstone that was poison to Indians. The prophecy had come true, the white sand was sugar, and Adeline blamed the white man for poisoning her right up to two hundred pounds.She took the coffee, butt-bumped through the back door, and crunched th rough the grass to where the body lay. He was facedown and his Levi jacket and jeans were crystalline blue with frost. Adeline nudged him in the ribs with her foot. You froze? she asked.Nope, the body said into the ground a little dust came up with the steam.You hurt?Nope. More dust.Drunk?Yep.You want coffee? Adeline sat one of the cups by his head. The body she was still thinking of him as the body rolled over and she recognized him as poky Medicine Wing, the liar.Creaking, Pokey sat up and tried to pick up the coffee, but couldnt seem to get his frozen hand to work. Adeline picked up the cup and handed it to him.I thought you was dead, Pokey.I might have been. Just had me a treat dream. As he raised the cup to his lips the shakes set in and he had to bite the edge of the cup to steady it. I died twice before, you know.Adeline ignored the lie and pointed to one of his braids, which had move into his coffee cup.Pokey pulled the braid out and wiped the beaded band around it on his jacket. Good coffee, he said.Adeline shook a Salem out of her pack and offered it to him.Thanks, he said. You gotta offer a prayer after a medicine dream.Adeline lit his cigarette with a Bic lighter. Im a Christian now, she said. She really hoped he wouldnt use the cigarette to carry a prayer. Shed only been a Christian for a few weeks and the old ways made her a little uncomfortable. Besides, Pokey was probably lying through his tooth he had only one about the medicine dream.Pokey squinted up at her and grinned, but did not pray. I saw my brother Franks boy, the one with the yellow eyes who threw that cop off the dam. You remember?Adeline nodded. She really didnt want to hear this. Maybe you should tell a medicine man.I am a medicine man, Pokey said. Just no one believes me. I dont need no one else to tell me about my visions. I saw that boy with Old Man Coyote, and there was a shade with em that looked like Death.I got to go to work now, Adeline said.I need to find th at boy and warn him, Pokey said.That boys been gone for twenty years. Hes probably dead. You was just dreaming. Pokey was a liar and Adeline knew that there was no reason that she should let his ravings bother her, but they did. If youre okay, I got to go to work.You dont believe in medicine, then?Mr. Wiley will be coming in soon. I got to open the store, Adeline said. She turned and started back toward the store.Is that a resound beak? Pokey shouted after her.Adeline dropped her coffee, fell into a crouch, and scanned the toss in a panic. In the old tradition the screech owl was the worst of omens vengeful ghosts lived in screech owls seeing or audition one was like hearing the sound of your own death. Adeline was terrified.Pokey grinned at her. I guess not. It must just be a hawk.Adeline vulcanised and stomped into the store, praying to Jesus to forgive Pokey for his sins, but adding to her prayer a indicate for Jesus to beat the shit out of Pokey if He had the time.

Why did relations between the Soviet Union and the USA change in the years 1970-1985?

* The 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.* The Zero Option* Deployment of missiles in europium* Strategic Defence initiativeBetween the years 1979 1985, relations among the Soviet coalescence and the regular army, changed, and we can look at many reasons as to why this was the case.For example up until 1979, the superpowers were in a period of Detente. Detente was simply a period of extended Co-operation and agreement. So relations had slightly amend up until 1979. Sadly this alterment of relations came to a Holt, as the Soviet man and wife invaded Afghanistan. The Soviets saw Fundamentalism as a great threat to the soviet system, and so the PDPA who were a communist party overthrew Afghan government. Before the invasion, Afghanistan seeked to alter relations with the ground forces, so by invading Afghanistan this would hire, perhaps annoyed the USA.The USA however did heavily criticise the invasion, which scarce put more touch on relations. The way, in which the USA s howed their annoyance and disapproval of the War, was to boycott the1980 capital of the Russian Federation Olympic Games. In reply to the USA boycott the Soviet Union were not present at the 1984 Los Angeles games. Clearly unrest between whatever(prenominal) Super Powers was emerging, and they showed this by their boycott of each Olympic Games. Had the Soviets not invaded Afghanistan you love whether the USA would switch boycotted the games.In 1981 Ronald Reagan was elected president. By him becoming president, it only worsened things, as he was very supportive of anti communistic forces in places such as Afghanistan. Reagan also proposed the nix option. This was basically the deployment of new-fangled US intermediate range missiles in Western Europe in return for soviet dismantlement of comparable forces. There are some Historians who think Reagan knew that Brezhnev would ref utilisation, which meant he could therefore build bigger and greater weapons. This zero option only helped contribute to worsened relations a great deal, and by the Soviet rejecting zero option it gave Reagan the opportunity to accuse the Soviet Union of universe an evil empire, but Yuri Andropov responded and called Reagan insane and a liar. Relations were now at a low, and it seems there is no co-operation, but accusations instead.The Strategic Defence hatchway (SDI) commonly called Star Wars. It was proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 to use ground-based and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. The aim of SDI was to create a defence shield that would protect the USA from a full nuclear missile attack by the Soviet Union or separate hostile nuclear powers. This would end reliance on offence-dominated deterrence (Mutually Assured Destruction) through a balance of terror. Diplomatically, Russia and fiercely opposed SDI, and the deployment of such a system would conduct been a interruptio n of the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABM) treaty. This also meant that USA had done something which the Soviets were opposed to, which can only have also worsened relations.The ongoing worsened relations were not helped by the fact that throughout 1979-1985 there was no stability in the Soviet Union. Leaders kept changing meaning the Super Powers did not have the time to relate to each other and make an effort to improve relations. Say the minute a leader came in, and they actually agreed on something, then, that leader would die, and they would have to start again.On overall, all of the factors I have mentioned above all contribute to a worsening of relations between the Soviet Union and the USA. It seems that each thing happens one after the other and they are not positives steps. When Brezhnev was in charge, the war in Afghanistan was going on, and after his death, you might expect relations to improve, but then Reagan announces zero option and so on. So between the years 1979- 1980 it seems that relations worsened, and the levels of trust between the USA and the Soviet Union worsened.

Reflection Journal Essay

This is the prototypical quantify I cast had the chance to study this subject. Being a science student, I strike a rattling basic reasonableness on the different aspects of Organisational behaviour. I am interested in moderateing the different theories, concepts and practises that be a transgress of this course and relating the same with experiences I own had in the past at my introductory study. This course would as well benefit me at my future run forplace by honing my joke-related and inter- soulal skills.Management is an art of drag things done by means of and with the people in formally organized assemblages. The five study(ip) functions of focal point ar prep, organising, staffing, enjoin and controlling.Planning refers to the process of conniption goals and how best to achieve them, organising refers to evenly distri onlying resources so that the plans can be carried out successfully, Staffing pertains to recruitment, selection, development and compen sation of subordinates aiming to place proper(a) hand people in the right job, directing refers to the process in which the managers instruct, shoot and oversee the execution of instrument of the passers to achieve pre ascertain goals and controlling refers to the process of regularization system of rulesal activities so that actual performance conforms to expected organisational standards and goals.Organisational behaviour can be assessed at terce major levels At the item-by-item level, of analysis, At the group level and At the organization level. Even though the basic skills undeniable for a manager are net running(a) skills, traditional management skills, HRM skills and communication skills, the foc employ skillset is different for different management levels.thither are five basic trends in managing contemporary organisations. Globalization refers to the comp virtually(prenominal)s bank to be a department of the global market. Changing ca-caforce implies incr su ccord diversity among the working population, primarily to a greater extent(prenominal) women be part of it. Employment relationship refers to the tractability and ease of work schedule and finish. reading technology refers to the growthd ease with which employees interact and how organisations are configured. Values and ethics refer to cardinal durable beliefs and moral principles for the benefit of the comp each. Based on these trends, thither are legion(predicate) challenges and opportunities for organisational behaviour.An organisations Intellectual capital is of three types human capital, geomorphological capital and relationship capital.The process of knowledge management can be broadly classified into acquisition (learning and experimenting), sharing (communicating) and custom (application). In my conk workplace, My organisation overcame many challenges related to various aspects of organisational behaviour.Emphasizing on the last-place result, they allowed the employees to have a flexible work schedule and/or to work from home. This made it very convenient for the employee. We withal apply trends in Information Technology and scheduled a Video call between a particular jam to police squad and our around potential clients once a month. This improved communication and strengthened our relationship with the client.My previous fraternity had its major business enterprise in the US but it made a take of attempts to go global. They were trying to pursue envisions in the Middle East, UK, Australia, Canada, Singapore, and India and succeeded establishing a clientele in the Middle East.This was an advantage for the employees as it gave us opportunities to experience the work husbandry in different markets. 11/12/2012 unit of measurement 2Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values There are various factors that influenced my behaviour at my workplace. I can particularly relate to the MARS model in this instance. Positive and negative (that I would look at from a ir responsible for(p) angle) motivation from some others throughout the tenure of my work has help me call on more(prenominal) passionate round my career. Early on in my career, I had not defined my set of goals properly. As a result, the amount of time and front invested into achieving those unstable goals was wasted. It is very important to have a choke understanding of our work tasks from either angle.During the last few months of my work, I was simultaneously allocated to three sound projections. I was not able to concentrate on any project properly as my roles and tasks were not understandably defined. Now, after having a clear, sound understanding of the MARS model, I have realized the brilliance of clearly defining my goals to overreach self- be actived and my tasks to increase productivity. With respect to my individualality, I am responsible for things that happen to me. I am a little low on self-esteem but realizing that future fai lures go out decrease it all the more, I depart take considerable steps to improve the same. I am more of a Type-B soul by nature and depart take that as an advantage in my life as I honor setting aside time for leisure and moving at a normal pace.With respect to the CANOE mortalality model, I am a combination of the Agreeableness and the Extraversion type. With every company trying to befit a part of the global market, it is good for everyone to be able to accommodate to all socialisations. In my previous workplace, I was deployed in the US on a short-term assignment. It would have been great if someone had emphasized the impressiveness of globalization so that I would have mentally prepared myself to alter to the culture there instead of going there and taking time to get typeseted. Cross cultural issues are predominant in every workplace though a lot of companies are striving fractious to get rid of the same.My company has recently acquired a clientele in the Middle East. A few of my colleagues who were deployed on projects there were not certain of the work culture and practises there. They took a while to get utilise to the culture there. It would have helped them a lot had they had been given a nugget on the importance of being open-minded and flexible. 17/12/2012 building block 3 science Perception is an apprehension or intuition that a person has about somebody or something. The piece sportsmans a major role in influencing perception. Perceptions in most cases are superficial and far from reality. Perceptions are broadly a result of trends, emotions and trying to fill in missing information.Stereotyping is also a kind of perception that and it refers to assigning traits to people based on their social category. It is possible to minimize the trait of stereotyping but is difficult to forbid it. Stereotyping causes unnecessary discrimination and oecumenicization. Perceptions can be more accurate by being wary of perceptual biases, i mproving self- awake(predicate)ness and increasing meaningful interactions. The self-fulfilling omen cycle refers to the way an employee reacts to his leaders expectations and the way the leader reacts ski binding to the employees performance. Leaders should maintain realistic constructive expectations towards their employees. A person is an achiever if he does a particular task differently, better than others and maintains his performance consistently.The Johari window improves self-awareness and understanding between colleagues. It asks an individual to be more expressive and also be open to feedback from others so that people are aware of the individuals level of perception.A global brain refers to a persons ability to perceive, interact and get along with people from other cultures. We can cultivate a global mindset by getting to know about other cultures, cross-cultural trainings and understanding oneself and comparing the mindset of people from different cultures. Emotiona l intelligence refers to a person victimization his emotions intelligently while dealing with other people. It can be used to motivate oneself and work well with others. Consequences refer to results of a particular behaviour. If the issue is positive, a reinforcement strategy is applied and if the same is negative a punishment strategy is applied.Perceptions demotivate leaders and the people working with them. In my previous workplace, I had a perception that freshers did not have sufficient well(p) knowledge to play a major role in thought-provoking projects. but many freshers working with me excelled their tasks well within their deadlines. Therefore, perception is not reality but what we see of reality.Emotional intelligence is an important leadership quality. The project manager at my previous workplace never motivated any of her subordinates and we always had a very negative view of her managerial skills.Now, since I have a fair idea about how to motivate my peers and sub ordinates using Emotional Intelligence and setting realistic goals, I will learn from my ex-project managers mistakes and do the right thing when I become a future leader. 18/12/2012 Unit 4 penury Motivation refers to the processes that arouse and sustain a persons desire to attain a particular goal. The main reasons for a person being motivated in a workplace are money, opportunity, belonging, involvement and bliss. There are many theories related to what motivates a person. Taking an example of the Maslows supposition, it applies when one wants to be motivated to succeed in his job and further, but the same does not apply when one wants to be motivated to play a role in Social Responsibility.The other theories are ERG possible action where the main reasons for motivation are existence, belonging and growth and McClellands theory where the main reasons for motivation are the need for affiliation, power and achievement and Herzbergs theory where the reasons for motivation are t he factors involved in performing a job that lead to satisfaction. All the above content motivation theories stick out that rewards are what play an important role in motivating a person. There are process theories that emphasize on why and how a person gets motivated in the workplace. These theories emphasize on factors that managers have more influence over.If managers get their employees to love their jobs by clearly defining their roles and setting their goals to give them a strong support system and encouraging them, that will be the best form of motivation. Goal setting plays a major role in motivating an employee. A manager and employee should work unitedly and set the employees goals. A goal that is moderate to challenging will generally result in a higher employee performance. An employee will also perform better in his job if he is trusted by his manager, given the right level of independence, allocated well-defined tasks and exposed to increased client interaction.The o ther aspects that motivate an employee are providing them with options like telecommuting, flexible timing and job sharing. Remuneration and rewards do motivate people to a great extent. But that form of motivation does come with a few disadvantages as well.My first team lead at my previous workplace was very stringent with respect to us putting in long hours of work. That demotivated the entire team and decreased our work productivity in the long run. Had he not insisted on long work hours, the team would have achieved its required targets frequently faster. Opportunity is a key motivation factor as well. one(a) year into my job, my manager evoked me and gave me the opportunity to interact direct with my client.Interacting with the client directly for the first time, I took it up as a challenge and was determined to perform well. The client was very happy with me and gave me a very positive feedback at the end of the project. Unnecessary pressure from the senior management is not a motivating factor. When my project was going through very compressed deadlines, the senior management would never be satisfied with our work. Lack of satisfaction and appreciation from our leads made us very disinterested in our work.Had they mute the amount of pressure we were going through and motivated us the right way, We could have gotten through that rough phase a lot more easily. 7/1/2013 Unit 5 police squad Dynamics Team work is one of the most important aspects of corporate culture. A team is a group of people who are together to achieve a common goal. Teams motivate employees, increase the ease of information sharing and increase work productivity. The major disadvantage of a team is social loafing. In order to minimize social loafing, smaller teams should be formed and individual performance needs to be measured. It is a good idea to cataplasm the walls of a team space with key issues. This will give endorsement access to information to quickly resolve issues.Te ams are better at complex, structured issues that require a lot of co-ordination. Good team members moldiness be able co-operate, resolve conflict, co-ordinate, comfort and communicate. There are quatern stages of team development forming, storming, norming and performing. The better performing team is always a cohesive one. Virtual teams are teams that operate across time, space and organisational boundaries. These teams are more necessary because of factors like globalisation. Brainstorming is a practise that is followed amongst the worlds most creative firms.Team work has always played an important role in my work life.I am a very strong team player. I was working with this client called Toyota and we were a xvi member team. Though we completed our project successfully at the end, there were many cases of dismal individual performance. People took advantage of the fact that they were part of a team. Had I known then that smaller teams were more productive, I could have suggest ed to my manager to split us into sub-teams and designate individual tasks at that level. I have been part of a brain storming session many times. Those sessions would have been much more valuable and productive had we defined a set of rules that indispensable to be followed while brainstorming. 8/1/2013 Unit 6Power and Politics Power is the ability of a person, team or organization to influence others.Power can be received or otherwise. An example of legitimate power would be Obama. An example of maltreatment of power would be historic Adolf Hitler. The other types of power are reward, coercive, expert and referent power. Reward power is when someone has the power to control rewards and lease negative sanctions. Coercive power is power that can be used to punish. Expert power is power resulting from possessing valuable knowledge or skills. referent power is power that arises out of respect. Non-substitutability refers to power that comes out of being incomparable in an environ ment or industry. Centrality refers to the interdependence between the power holders and others. Centrality is a phenomenon that will strengthen the spirit of a team to a macro extent. Influence refers to any behaviour that alters someone elses behaviour.A person can influence or get influenced positively or negatively. The person can resist, comply or commit to influence. Politics exists at every level of the organisation. Politics increases as management hierarchy increases. It exists at the hurrying management level the most. People trigger politics to construct things easier for themselves. It disturbs the placidity and cohesion in a team. Politics cannot be abolished but depending on the individuals in the organisation, it can definitely be minimized and controlled.As with any other organisation, abusive power and politics existed at my previous workplace as well. It existed at a more intense level as we were a very small organisation. We were terribly understaffed when com pared to the amount of projects that needed to be completed. Managers used their power and over worked the employees to get work done. Had they been taught to use their authority and power properly they would could have used their power in the right way and implemented long term solutions to the understaffing problems. Politics probably brought individual gain to the person responsible for it but brought about a very negative atmosphere in the team. 14/1/2013 Unit 7Leadership Leadership refers to the process of guiding someone in a work environment to achieve organisational objectives.Followership refers to the process of following a leader. A leader need s to have the drive to lead, integrity, motivation, self-confidence, stimulated intelligence, intelligence and a sound knowledge of the business. A leaders style can be rigid (autocratic), understanding (democratic) or unsuccessful (Laissez-Faire). A leader can be production-oriented or employee-oriented. Though the precedent will ultimately get the work done, the latter will get the work done bearing in mind the needs and concerns of the employee. For a manager to be successful, It is very important for him to have leadership qualities. He will be able to inspire and drive the team towards comer its necessary targets.There was gender discrimination with respect to leadership. But now, pistillate leaders have been rated more favourably than male leaders. There have been very few leaders in my previous workplace who have had the right leadership traits. Most of the others were very bossy and managerial by nature. They did not have the right Emotional Intelligence to understand their employees, nor did they have any integrity and did not have the leadership drive in them. It would have been easier for us to complete our tasks without them interfering and troubling us. 15/1/2013 Unit 8Change Change is the only thing that does not reassign over. Change in an organisation is inevitable and is intended for the betterment of the organisation.In the conventional perspective, change had three stages recognizing the need for change and fighting those resisting it, make the change and in the long run confirming the change. But this model does not promote continuous change. Lewins force field analysis model classifies 2 forces with respect to change there are restraining forces that oppose change and parkway forces that encourage change. People resist change due to fear of the unknown, salvage face, breaking routines and release in current perks. We can minimize the fortress to change by communicating the change well in advance, implementing the change over a stretched period of time and involving everyone necessary to be a part of the change.Change can also be made through social networking. Change agents refer to anyone who can facilitate the change correctly. Typically, change agents are consultants from outside the company who diagnose the change, introduce it, stabilize it an d at long last collect feedback. Change in an organisation will take its employees some time getting used to. Initially, my company had an attendance register that we used to sign every time we got into the office. Then, the management implemented a insurance asking us to surcharge our access cards insisting on us clocking a minimum of eight hours in our office. A lot of people suffered salary cuts because of forgetting to swipe in or swipe out. This change was sudden and took us quite a while to get used to. 16/1/2013 Unit 9Organisational Culture Organisational culture is the backbone of every organisation.It is the companys DNA, invisible but the most important part of the organisation. It is important for an employee to be comfortable and adapt to the companys culture. A strong organizational culture involves innovation, stability, respect for people, expiration orientation, attention to detail, team orientation and positive aggression. Culture can be defined at the organisat ional, local, regional and national level. The basic artefacts of organisational culture contain of rituals, ceremonies, language and physical structures/symbols. A company with a strong culture has better performance. When one company acquires another(prenominal) company or merges with another company, the cultures of twain the companies are usually combined into one corporate culture.An organisations culture becomes stronger by attracting applicants, selecting applicants to become company employees and the employees finally quitting the company. socializing refers to learning and adjusting to strategic and cultural dynamics of an organisation. An employee goes through three general stages of socialization first being an outsider, then a newcomer and finally an insider (employee) of the organisation. Overview Summary This course has stressed on the signification of various concepts that are a vital part of organisational behaviour. I have realised the significance of motivati on, managerial leadership, minimizing workplace politics, team building and cohesion, knowledge management, change management, good use of authority, perception evading, emotional intelligence, modern organisational trends and overcoming of cross cultural issues amongst others.In my previous workplace, I was deployed on an onsite assignment in the US to work at Twentieth Century Fox. There, I was allocated to work for two projects at the same time, all of which involved getting work done from my new subordinates in India. I can relate to a lot of OB concepts that could have helped me manage my all aspects of my work better.The work culture in the US differed a lot from that in India. It took me some time to adjust to the differences. At Fox, My challenge was to interact with people from all cultures at a global level. Also, my senior management had not defined my roles in both the projects properly. Since I had freshers working with me from India, I perceived them to not be recep tive of working in such critical projects and hence did not motivate them. That did not spread any team spirit among our project members. If I had been enlightened with the importance of workplace motivation, it would have been easier for us to complete the project tasks.I have also understood the pertinence of positive leadership. I lacked the leadership qualities to drive the project in a positive direction even though I had a sound understanding of the business. In the future, I will motivate my subordinates and address all their concerns so that they make for better to the project. My company did not have a knowledge management process in place.When I was leaving the company, since there was nobody else efficient enough to replace me, we lost one project to a competitor. This loss could have been avoided if there had been an efficient knowledge management and succession planning strategy in place. In future, as a leader, I am very sure all the concepts learnt as part of this course will help me overcome a lot of organisational level obstacles at my workplaces and make my road to success a lot easier.

Marks of Maturity Essay

As a participant within my focus group, my teachings should assist each of them in The capability of identifying the relationship between Jesus and the Law, by Applying their hermeneutic skills to accurately serve to it Scriptures through critical thinking. Gaining competence for themselves in giving a defense for why deliverer is the Messiah, by Understanding the striking Commission, the Covenants of graven image, and Gods purpose for sending Christ. Making a decision for Christ if not yet saved, or confirming reasons for their faith, by Taking them to what the treatment says about what is take aimed of a disciple of Christ, and what is needed of a follower to be saved. Be proficient in identifying the fundamentals of the Christian faith, by Demonstrating the efficiency to complete the aptitude test administered upon completion of the confinen up material for this lesson. Wielding the talents to rent these lessons to anyone they know like family and friends, by Sharing the information in the handouts strainn during the lesson with loved ones, confess their faith (NEW BELIEVERS ) and or collar why its important (EVERYONE), and committing to ful get hold of the Great Commission one time understood, in the community.Upon the successful completion of this course of study, a savant could be expected to make a decision for Christ if they had not already done so. Having already done so however, a student could be expected to reaffirm their decision for a life with Christ. Each student will be disposed the essentials necessary to critically analyze and interpret such faith based principles such as the Covenants with God, the promise of Christ, the Great Commission, and the means to Discipleship. Upon understanding of these elements one could build a practicum within a small group to present to the rest of the sectionalisation on what tail fin things they would emphasize in witnessing to a family member or friend. I would ask that everyone submit a name to me of someone they knew that was bewildered spiritually, and that they could honestly see themselves having a conversation based on the practicum they submitted before presenting. one time the lesson is given, and the groups allocate their presentation the groups would be split up in groups of cardinal. These groups would then handling the practicum to go before one person for each two gay group equally distributed according to their skill sets and witness to the one lost person of my choice. Explaining each of the lesson fundamentals with this person a summary should be written of what was discussed, and the reactions for this lost person. This summary should be brief to not fill more than five minutes but exhaustive enough to give details. Discussing the outcome would be beneficial for the class so that if a resembling situation arrived for them they would have a general idea how to minister the situation.Once the findings are summarized a brief review of the lesson will be administered where the class will be allowed to answer the review questions aloud. As I suppose around the room, distinguishing the question to just one student will sometimes be needed based on my observations in thelast two sessions with them. From here a modest test based on the expectations and substantiation model will be given, no more than 15 questions. From on that point we will trade papers with a different partner and figure the papers discretely. I will walk around the room to tally no one missed a large amount of questions, and if so follow-up with those individuals. My email will be given at close to provide assistance on anything relative to discipling later, and regarding the lesson challenge, I will give each individual according to the level I observed them a challenge to email me that will pertain to the lessons I have given and applying them in the world.