Sex Ed Reduces Teen Pregnancy

We have all heard it, parents, teachers, and students, gossiping about the latest young girl to become pregnant in high school. They make comments like, â€Å"What was she thinking† or â€Å"Her parents must be so disappointed. † Did anyone question if she had been properly educated on the risks of sexual activity or if she had been provided with medically correct information? No one stops to think about the big picture; instead they choose to be judgmental and critical of other’s decision-making skills, or lack thereof. That’s where sexual education comes in. Teenage pregnancy, along with sex education continues to be a highly controversial subject, especially with regards to when and where it should be taught. Much of the debate comes from the two types of education, abstinence-only or comprehensive, also known as abstinence-plus. Abstinence-only education promotes sexual abstinence until marriage, leaving out crucial topics like birth control and condoms. A comprehensive curriculum includes education on the use of contraceptives while maintaining a basis of abstinence. Although there has been a steady decline in the United States teen birth rate, it remains higher than many other developed countries. Statistics show that sexually active teens in the United States are less likely to use varying forms of contraception and are more likely to become pregnant, than those of other equal nations (Rubin). Partially to blame is the United States government, which supports the abstinence-only approach; therefore, most schools are not required to teach subject matter that surpasses that concept (Stanger). Media, although equally controversial, can play a vital role in opening the door for parents to engage in conversation with their children. According to Rachel Canter, executive director of Mississippi First, â€Å"An effective, comprehensive sex education program starts with a base of abstinence but includes medically accurate information about contraception and health† (Pettus). The research is proven; comprehensive sex education reduces teenage pregnancy. Not only are most schools lacking in the information that is covered in their curriculums, some are providing medically incorrect information to students. A recent report revealed that 30% of schools instruct that birth control does not prevent pregnancy (Rubin). In 2009, a lawsuit was filed against a Fresno county school district in California for violating state law by only teaching about abstinence, and for using textbooks that were not in compliance with that law, which requires medically accurate information be taught, along with methods to prevent pregnancy and diseases. With one of the highest teenage pregnancy rates in California, parents were compelled to do something to protect their children (Watanabe). According to a recent survey, more than half of adults questioned feel that federally funded programs should offer more education about contraception and three-quarters of those wish education included information about both abstinence and contraception (Teens). If statistics prove that abstinence education is ineffective at preventing pregnancy and most adults are on board with a more comprehensive approach, maybe lawmakers should take that information into account when developing policies about sex education. A step in that direction would be requiring that curriculums include a more comprehensive style. Abstinence-only programs tend to leave out valuable information such as contraception, which some believe sends the wrong message to students (Stanger). Although abstinence programs play an important role in comprehensive education, there is little evidence to support that these curriculum alone help reduce teenage pregnancy. According to Lisa Wirthman, a Denver journalist, â€Å"By trying to scare and shame kids and withholding critical health information, abstinence-only programs treat teens like toddlers† (Wirthman). A report released this year by the Centers for Disease Control reveals that nearly 50% of pregnant teenagers denied using contraception. Furthermore, 30% were under the impression that they could not get pregnant, while others simply â€Å"misunderstood how one gets pregnant and the risk of becoming pregnant after unprotected intercourse† (Brakman). Therefore, it can be concluded that many young people are under informed about their sexual health and lack proper decision making skills regarding their sexual behaviors. Studies show that states that support the abstinence-only approach to sex education tend to have higher teenage pregnancy and birth rates as compared to those who support a more comprehensive approach. Nevada, having one of the highest teenage pregnancy rates in the nation, does not mandate that contraceptive methods and condom use be included in their curriculum (Stanger). Likely, if it is not required, most schools will not cover such aspects in its studies. The majority of supporters of these programs do not acknowledge that many students will become sexually active during their teenage years. It is inevitable that teenagers are going to have sex, choosing to ignore that fact by not teaching them the proper methods to protect themselves is negligent. Abstinence-only education fails at teaching students many important aspects of sexual health. Those included are, sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy prevention and contraception. Much of the information provided in these programs is misleading and medically inaccurate, leaving students uninformed and at risk (Watanabe). The typical abstinence curriculum lectures that the only way to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases is to â€Å"abstain† from such behaviors that may result in either of the two. While this is truthful, little to no information is provided to students about how to protect themselves if they choose to participate in these activities, leaving them at high risk for unplanned pregnancy. . According to Congress, it was found that abstinence-only programs provide misconceptions of reproductive health and a lack of proper decision-making tools, therefore, promoting irresponsible behavior (Stanger). A study by The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy shows that nearly 8 out of 10 teenagers believe they are properly informed on how to prevent pregnancy, yet confess to knowing hardly anything at all about contraception and condoms (Teens). As statistics like this show, young people are, in general, naive about many aspects of their sexual health and require a more all-encompassing education to be able to make appropriate decisions regarding their sexual wellbeing. A common misconception about ‘sex-ed’ is that it only includes information about sexual intercourse; however, it incorporates a variety of topics. These include, but are not limited to, anatomy, reproduction, body image, relationships, and safe sex practices. Comprehensive sex education, or abstinence-plus, includes a wide array of age-appropriate, evidence-based, medically accurate information to enable teenagers to make well-informed decisions about their overall health, while still advocating that abstinence is the only true method to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (Wirthman). Not only does comprehensive education provide insight to multiple sex-health topics, it also stresses the importance of delaying sexual behaviors. To the disbelief of abstinence-only supporters, studies show that students that are taught comprehensive sex education are no more likely to be infected with sexually transmitted diseases, than those taught only about abstinence. Also contrary to pro-abstinence belief, those that are taught a more comprehensive approach have a lower risk of becoming pregnant teenagers (Stanger). One study revealed that of those who are taught more comprehensively, 40% waited to have sex and more than 60% used protection (Wirthman). It is obvious that the more educated students are about the risks associated with sexual activity, the better decisions they make. A recent survey revealed that 38% of teenagers are more influenced by their parents regarding their decisions about sex (Teens). As stated by Emily Pettus, some legislators argue that sex education, including contraception and condoms, should be taught at home, not by the education system (Pettus). This is also where much of the debate is centered. However, teenagers typically do not open up to their parents about sexual activity and many parents tend to bury their heads in the sand and act like it is not happening with their children. Often times, parents and teenagers are unsure about how to discuss the somewhat awkward subject of sex, so they do not talk about it at all. Therefore, education is often left up to teenagers’ peers and other typically inaccurate sources. One study revealed that nearly 90% of young people think if they could have open conversations with their parents about sex, it would be easier to postpone sexual activity. Also, nearly 80% of parents wish their kids would talk to them about sex so that they can provide them with the proper resources to protect themselves (Teens). Kathrin Stanger, professor at the University of Georgia states, â€Å"If teens don’t learn about human reproduction, including safe sexual health practices to prevent unintended pregnancies and STDs, and how to plan their reproductive adult life in school, then when should they learn it, and from whom? † (Stanger). Parents, along with the education system, can provide accurate, age-appropriate information to teenagers to help empower them to make healthy, responsible choices; however, when both of these options fall short, teenagers often turn to the media as a source of education. Many critics often accuse the media of promoting teenage pregnancy, and even glamorizing it. However, little thought is given as to what the benefit of these shows might be. The more teens are watching, the more producers are showing. Nevertheless, there might be some advantages to the influence media has on its young viewers, especially regarding pregnancy (Suellentrop). Although some parents believe the media creates a false sense of reality by glorifying teenage pregnancy, they often fail to realize that such television shows can actually help bridge the conversation gap between them and their children. Two of the television shows popular amongst high school students are MTV’s Teen Mom and 16 and Pregnant. Both are reality shows that follow several young girls and their daily struggles as pregnant teenagers and young parents. A recent study by The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy revealed interesting results when they asked teenagers their thoughts about such shows. The results revealed a surprising 40% talked to a parent about the show after watching and most agreed that becoming teenage parents would have an overall negative impact on their lives (Suellentrop). If watching these episodes results in teenagers talking to their parents about sex, then ultimately it can be a positive influence, not only by seeing the struggles that young parents face, but by giving parents and teenagers an opportunity to openly discuss their views and opinions about sex and relationships. Research shows that episodes such as these can be used in a positive manner to teach young people about the risks of becoming pregnant and how their lives could change drastically. Also, it seems that teenagers are willing to discuss these shows with their parents, allowing the opportunity to engage in educational conversations with their teenagers. Clearly, the media influences its viewers; however, advantage can be taken to properly inform today’s youth of the risks of sexual behavior while presenting information in an alluring way (Suellentrop). Although there has been a steady decline in the U. S. een birth rate, it remains higher than many other countries. Students are more educated and are therefore making more informed decisions about sex (Kann).    How can we expect teenagers to make appropriate, well-informed decisions regarding their sexual health if we do not give them the proper education and factual information to do so? The statistics show that â€Å"evidence-based sex education works,† so why go against the grain? (Wirthman). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more teenagers are using birth control, which has help lead the way to a record low birthrate, and the numbers of hose using contraception keep rising. Also leading to the decline, is â€Å"more effective† sex education, according to Leslie Kantor, vice president of education for Planned Parenthood (Tulumello). Hopefully in the future, additional school districts will adopt a more comprehensive approach to their curriculums, as it is shown to be much more effective in reducing teenage pregnancy than abstinence-only education. Telling a teenager not to experiment is like a meteorologist saying there is a 50% chance of rain. Yo u hope it does not rain; however, you bring an umbrella just in case it does. As much as we would like to believe that teenagers will not have sex, it is likely that they will engage in some type of sexual behavior in high school and providing them with accurate, age-appropriate information is vital. Sexual education can come from many avenues, including parents, schools, and the media. Comprehensive sex education will not stop the occurrence of teenage pregnancy 100%, but by adequately educating teenagers on safe sex practices, and providing them with medically accurate information, today’s youth are able make healthy, well-informed decisions regarding their sexual well being.

Deductive Method Versus Inductive Method

Written Report in Principles of Teaching DEDUCTIVE METHOD VERSUS INDUCTIVE METHOD All teaching methods can be classified into two, namely deductive method and inductive method. The deductive method, the teacher tells or shows directly what he/she wants to teach. The inductive method begins with questions, problems and details and end up with answers, generalizations and conclusions. Deductive method, in this method the teacher presents first the main topic she will discuss. Explain the subject matter before students make activities.The advantage of deductive method the students will not have a lot of questions because they already understand the topic, and it will be easy for them to answer the different activities. And the disadvantage of this method, the students can’t participate because only the teacher is the one who is discussing the topic. Inductive method, in this method the students are more involved in teaching learning process the students can give a lot of ideas ab out the topic and the teacher will be the facilitator and the guide , they will correct the wrong ideas of the learners.And the learners will be more creative and knowledgeable because the class will start in the different activities and exercises. But it also have disadvantages , because in this method it requires more time, because the class started at the activities and exercises , a lot of time are uses in answering the different activities and exercises and there is only a little time to discuss the topic.It also has different approaches the blended learning, reflective teaching, metacognitive approach and constructivist approach. The blended learning is learning that is facilitated by the effective combination of different modes of delivery, the reflective teaching students/teachers learn through an analysis and evaluation of past experiences. Metacognitive approach is an approach that makes our students thinks about their thinking.The constructivist approach is anchored on th e belief that every individual constructs and reconstructs meanings depending on past experiences. As a future teacher we should be familiar to this different methods and approaches so we will know what kind of method and approaches that we should use on how the students will learn most. Donalyn S. Alicpala BEED II-A

Action Inquiry

The pay for teacher in Ohio will have a partial consideration based on how their students scored on their tests. The pay consideration was the result of legislation signed by Republican Gov. John Kasich. Modifications can still be made prior to this law going into effect. The current protocol for teachers pay requires that Ohio public school districts give each teacher an evaluation and grade prior to beginning the 2013-14 school year. Fifty percent of the grade the teacher receives will base on students test scores.There are mixed emotions in regards to merit pay in the Chesapeake School district especially those that are new to the district or just graduated from college. The district’s goal for implementation of merit pay is that it gives others the opportunity to learn from their colleagues. The other downfall of merit pay is that teachers will be penalized if they fail to meet the goals of merit pay and this could be cumbersome for those just embarking on a new teaching c areer. The positive aspect of merit pay is that it rewards teachers for their performance and it provides job security for keeping their student scores high in their classrooms.Motivation is also a key aspect to merit pay, because several teachers in the district feel this is a better evaluation on their performance versus the traditional evaluations they have had in the past. Recruitment has also plagued the district and merit pay can be an alluring factor to qualified teachers looking to move into the district. Retention of qualified teachers has also presented issues with the district so the incentive of a bonus entices many teachers to remain in their positions.The profession of teaching has had the black cloud over its head due to the low salary that many of our teachers face in the public school systems; merit pay can entice many college students to choose the teaching profession. Why is merit pay such a controversial issues for teachers and teachers unions? When the President got involved in the issue of teacher’s merit pay, it created even more hype about merit pay. Those that oppose merit pay feel that there is very little evidence that merit pay will improve a teacher’s classroom performance. (Steiny, J 2009). There is a federal fund that is set up to attract qualified teachers.It is a six hundred million dollar fund that is set up to attract good teachers to good schools. What questions should be asked prior to implementing? How can school administration implement merit pay to provide a positive impact to the Chesapeake School district? What will be the criteria to earning the incentive of merit pay? How will the school evaluate the effectiveness of merit pay? The school district feels that merit pay will make teachers accountable for their progress with students by having merit pay as a source of evaluation that could either adversely affect their pay.Merit pay in regards to evaluation can weed out bad teachers that plagued our school district. The positive impact it could have on the district is that merit pay will attract high performing teachers to seek positions in a school district that has areas that could use qualified teachers to bring their test scores up in the district. What research can be utilized to measure the effect merit pay has on the school district? There will be several methods used for evaluation of merit pay. Surveys for teachers, students and parents, principal reports and observations will provide a qualitative date resource for the district.The design of the research is for experimental purposes and once the research is reviewed, a decision will be made as to implementing the merit pay system into the district. There will be further research conducted after the school begins the merit pay system to check for satisfaction and teacher performance. It also should reflect the economic impact it had on the school district’s budget. The â€Å"after† effects of merit pay could be nefit from have committees formed by the school board and school administration. The Chesapeake School District utilizes emails and texts to inform parents of important meeting and dates that involve the school.These emails and texts also involve the teaching staff. A meeting could be held that involved forming groups or committees to study the impact the merit pay system is having on the school district. This would provide a checks and balance system. The committees would consist of teachers and parents. The committee will conduct their own research via surveys from parents, students and teachers within the district. The other committee would consist of principals and other school administration. The goal of the groups is to conduct their own research and to meet to discuss any issues that face the newly implanted system.Each committee can bring valuable research to the table in order to make effective changes that could make the system that would be fair to all that is involved an d bring a sense of security to the district. I had heard various opinions on merit pay from many of the teachers at Chesapeake and for the most part many are comfortable with the system. I believe that it could provide a positive impact to the school and provide better retention rates for the school. It also is an effective method of revealing what teachers are ineffective in the classroom, that could either learn from other teacher or relieving those teachers from their duties.Chesapeake district for the most part employ qualified teachers but at times have found themselves in difficult situations in recruiting teachers for subject areas, particularly in special education, math and science. I feel that the merit system will attract highly qualified teachers to fill these positions and retain them. Rural area schools are many times plagued with poor test scores due to the lack of qualified teachers in the school system and having a merit system in place could employ a staff of teach ers that could educate these students and for the district to see a rise in their standardized test scores

Edgar Allen Poe and Sigmund Freud (The Uncanny) Essay

Edgar Allen Poe and Sigmund Freud (The Uncanny) - Essay Example It will pay attention to the influences of the Romantic Movement in literature as well as the bearing of popular psychological theories such as The Uncanny presented subsequently by Sigmund Freud. The short story Eleonora is lyrical testament to the power of romantic love. A story without any plot whatsoever, its aesthetics lies in the portrayal of depths of passion and the glory of love. It is as much a eulogy to love as it is an excuse for breaking off past promises. Yet, there is no contradiction here, as the promises made to the protagonist’s previous lover have eroded in relevance in the narrator’s ‘second epoch of life’ as he calls it. German physician Friedrich Anton Mesmer’s (1734-1815) scientific method of delving into the human psyche is of help in analyzing the story, for it provides a medium with access to the subject’s inner world and secrets that lay beyond human existence. i This then novel scientific approach â€Å"became the cutting-edge development in scientific research to approach the mysteries of the spiritual world and the dark side of the human mind. The Romantic poet, therefore, employed the motif of the double as the chance to investigate the passions and illnesses of the human mind and to examine the presence of a supernatural world.† ii The storyline in Eleonora is quite simple. The unnamed narrator (probably Poe himself) recollects two distinct periods or chapters in his life. The first one ends with the premature death of his beloved cousin Eleonora. The second one ends with his marriage to Ermengarde, his heartthrob of late. During the first phase, the narrator recollects all the wonderful moments he spent with his cousin Eleonara, whom he was about to marry if not for her terminally declining health. This morbid stipulation of time only heightens their love for each other. Instead of dousing interest in the relationship, it serves as a catalyst in consolidating the lovers’ bon d. At one such heightened moment of heart-felt love, the narrator promises to Eleonora that even after her death he would remain loyal to her. By remaining loyal to the memory of their love, he believes, he will retain his beloved’s spiritual grace from the heavens, where she would watch over him for the rest of his life, till he joins her eventually one day. Thus ends the first phase of his life, with the promise to and death of Eleonora. In the second phase of the narrator’s life, having been discouraged by the emptiness of life without Eleonora, the narrator decides to seek a livelier atmosphere by participating in worldly affairs. Idealistic and endearing an idea this was, it would be severely tested and defeated in the face of the charms of Ermengarde. The author’s endeavor is to reconcile these apparently contradictory actions on part of the narrator. Poe is able to achieve this goal by stylized application of the best features of Romantic Movement in lite rature, which was in vogue in the early decades of the 19th century. Although Poe preceded Freud, there is evidence of some of the latter’s theories in Poe’s works, including Eleonora. One of the theories articulated by Sigmund Freud is that of Cognitive Dissonance. We can witness this at play as the narrator justifies his abandonment of the promises made to the deceased Eleonora in the face of th

Policies to Address the problem of U.S. oil dependency Research Paper

Policies to Address the problem of U.S. oil dependency - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that more than 150 years after the beginning of U.S. petroleum industry (since 1859), oil still is considered as the most strategic commodity. Given the limited capacity of oil reserves in the world and ever-increasing global demand for it, in recent decades oil has played a significant role in foreign policies of nations, especially those of great powers. Not surprisingly, oil has been an important factor in shaping bloody and costly conflicts, particularly since the World War II.   During the last decades of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, America was able to meet the country’s basic needs in the energy sector primarily by using its own oil reserves. However, by the end of the 1940s, â€Å"the United States began to rely on foreign oil to satisfy rising energy demand, and the proportion of imports has been rising more or less steadily ever since†. Today, according to U.S. Energy Information Administ ration (EIA), the United States is the largest oil consumer and consumes near 22% of the total production of oil in the world. That is equivalent to something about 18,771,000 barrels per day, of which about 9.7 million barrels (51%) are imported (on a net basis) from foreign countries. However, this dependency on oil is very costly and also is tightly linked to our national security due to both potential economic and political threats related to it.  

McDonalds Growth on the European Market Case Study

McDonalds Growth on the European Market - Case Study Example In order for Macdonald to compete in the European market, it should focus on the quality of the products. With the increasing awareness on the risks associated with obesity, customers are avoiding fatty foods. Therefore, the company should ensure that its products meet the required standards and are healthy. On the other hand, in order to retain the customers, the firm need to shift its focus towards customer relationship management. Currently, there are many competitors in the market. As a result, customers easily be swayed away from the products. As a result, it is significant for the company to work towards satisfying the tastes and preferences of the target market (Prasad, 2010). This will be significant in increasing its market share and improving its competitive advantage. In order for the company to address the growth issues, it needs to conduct an intensive market research. This is to identify factors that have made the customers to change their consumption behavior and what changes are necessary to reposition the company in the market. In addition, the research should also identify the effective advertising channel and the best advertising message to use in order to attract the customers towards its products. This is to ensure that the adverts are compatible with the local

Media and Religion in Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Media and Religion in Conflict - Essay Example serious issues, news of other areas like entertainment, spiritual or religious etc are primarily targeted for the common man who can relax and rejuvenate with the information. I therefore, disagree with slinger’s assertion. Religion is intrinsic part of one’s life and is primarily used as a guideline for leading a moral and ethical life. Slinger’s claim that television has subverted the value system of contemporary society is biased not because as Postman (1987) says that it redefines the truth but mainly due to the fact that but for the television, world would not have known about the 9/11 catastrophe or quickly brought help to the victims of natural disasters from all corners of the world and habilitate them in the shortest possible time. The television news, howsoever gross they may be, nevertheless inform public about what is going on different part of the world. Newman (1996) says that some Christians are of the view that selective religious news should be broadcast. Their major fear is that television distorts news so how will one know if the selective news is correct? There are wide variety of channels that show all kind of shows, some may be offensive but then it becomes one’s choice to see it or not. One can exercise one’s choice according to one’s religious guidelines. In fact, television becomes one of the best critics to test one’s sincerity in one’s religion. If the person can be swayed by the images or content of the television, then religion plays not so significant role in his/her life. Television is the mirror of society and reflects its values and hence, cannot be antithetical to religious

If Technology Has Revolutionized the Way We Work Using Two Concepts Essay - 1

If Technology Has Revolutionized the Way We Work Using Two Concepts Which Are Information Systems and Information Technology - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that information systems and information technology have significantly changed people’s personal lives as well as how people work. The business world has revolutionized almost beyond people’s recognition within the past decades. Technology, both in terms of information systems and information technology has changed the face of the workplace and also increased the pace with which people work. Information systems can be defined as the totality of the tools, procedures, and techniques that are used by businesses to process data. At the turn of the century, Frederick Taylor introduced the concept of scientific management as an aspect of the successful business organization. His thoughts and works, popularly referred to as Taylorism, have guided managers towards success in organizations by using technologies, for instance, Henry Ford in the Automobile market. Information science has led to transformations in many industries where wor k is accomplished through small and more focused enterprise networks. Today, organizations use information systems in their operations to enhance competitiveness and enable business growth and success. Different organizations have different information systems because of varying information needs, but implement them to achieve the competitive advantage by ensuring that they achieve continuous improvement. Information technology can be defined as the use of telecommunication tools to retrieve, create, distribute and store information. Information technology has significantly changed how people work. Information technology in terms of computer-aided design, spreadsheets, relational database technologies and word processing software have all provided ease in terms of conducting different works by increasing efficiency, effectiveness and also the time is taken to do a particular job. The internet has been of particular difference in work environments.

The paper subject is Human Resource management Essay

The paper subject is Human Resource management - Essay Example It was started with the help of three associates namely Jerry Baldwin, Gordon Bowker and Zev Siegl with the desire to offer best quality of coffee to its customers (Scribd, n.d.). The prime objective of Starbucks is to offer its target customers with finest Italian coffee in order to enhance customer loyalty and satisfaction. In addition to coffee, Starbucks also provides varied types of food items and roasted coffee beans as well to its consumers. Moreover, it also attempts to attract large number of customers in order to augment its corporate image and brand identity in the market among other competing organisations. The objective of the paper is to highlight the importance of Starbucks along with preparing a performance management system in order to assess the performance of a shift supervisor. Moreover, it also highlights varied types of performance management approaches in order to augment the performance level of a shift supervisor of Starbucks. Performance management is referred as the method of creation of a uniform working environment, which can facilitate individual employees to augment their eminence of performances. It is also described as the process of examining and investigating the level of performances of an individual in order to attain the desired results (Kansas Department of Administration, n.d.). The main focus of performance management is to identify the areas for providing job enrichment training and to instruct the employees in order to achieve the required level of performances, which is shown in the below figure. Moreover, performance management is also essential, as it would facilitate an individual to attain recognition for his/her job performance. It also enables to identify the areas in job description that require to be worked upon in order to eliminate certain deficiencies within an individual. It is extremely essential for an organisation to sustain in this era of competitiveness

Q & A Essay MGMT_Organization Behavior Class Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Q & A MGMT_Organization Behavior Class - Essay Example Instead, he erred due to the external attribution or outside factors such as, luck, poor team given to him or any other factor that might have influenced this project other than Marc’s expertise or aptitude for the project. Looking at Marc’s consistency and his past records, Elaine should infer that the project failed due to external attribution and not due to any internal attribution. There would be some errors that would be involved in the decision making process that takes into account the attribution forces. Elaine might overestimate or give more importance to the internal causes if in her opinion Marc hasn’t given his 100% for the project. In this case she would ignore other factors such as proper team was not given to him or any other factors such as bad working environment of the firm that might have contribute to the failure of the project. Similarly, another very natural reaction for her would be to say that Marc was solely responsible for the error and would taker herself out of the blame, whereas if the project would have been successful, she might have credited the entire organization not just Marc for the success. These are some of the attribution errors that Elaine would have to be wary of. For example, If a supervisor has seen or encountered a employee who is lazy and abhors work, he may think that all employees are lazy and hate work. This would lead to a judgment error and could lead to other organizational problems. For example, the CEO may contrast the managers of two departments on the basis of their performance and decide which one is better. However, this could lead to perception error because one manager might be better than other but low on profitability because he may be operating a branch in the area, where market share is low, demand for the product is low or it may be because he may be working with a team which is not as efficient as the other manager’s team. Biases:

Oxygen Saturation Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Oxygen Saturation - Lab Report Example My control variables were the temperature of the water, and the pH level of the water. Other, un-measureable variables included the main food supply and natural predators of the gammarus pulex. The Kick-Sampling method was used in this experiment and was found to be effective in accurately determining the number of shrimps at a specific site. Due to my findings, I have concluded the null hypothesis to be false. The number of shrimps per site is directly related to the dissolved oxygen content of said site. There will be more gammarus pulex (fresh-water shrimps) present within a fresh-water habitat in accordance with the increase of the concentration of dissolved oxygen. If there is a greater amount of oxygen in the water, which may be affected by organic pollution, then there will be more oxygen available for the respiration of aquatic species living in the stream. As aerobic organisms, the fresh water shrimp require oxygen for their survival. I believe that Fresh-water habitats with greater amounts of dissolved oxygen will attract more gammarus pulex. This apparatus is used to measure the flow rate of water at different sites of the river Riber Brook. It is needed due to the current preference of the gammarus pulex. This meter will be able to alleviate, or bring to attention, the possible reasons for species diversity. This spoon will be used to count the ... 15 water sample bottles Impellor/ flow meter This apparatus is used to measure the flow rate of water at different sites of the river Riber Brook. It is needed due to the current preference of the gammarus pulex. This meter will be able to alleviate, or bring to attention, the possible reasons for species diversity. Oxygen meter The Oxygen meter is used to measure the amount of dissolved oxygen in the river Riber Brook. It is needed to record the oxygen saturation, which will be compared to the amount of gammarus pulex. Plastic spoon This spoon will be used to count the number of shrimps at each specific location, which will then be transferred into the palette. It is necessary to count the shrimps in order to compare to the amount of oxygen in each site. Temperature This will be used to measure the temperature at test locations of the river Riber Brook. Temperature can affect oxygen concentration of water, so it is necessary in order to be able to explain any abnormal amount of dissolved oxygen. Palette This is used to collect and count the number of fresh water shrimps present. It was also used to ensure the shrimp's welfare in the test. pH probe This probe will be used to measure the pH of certain test sites of the water of the river Riber Brook. An abnormal pH could affect the number of shrimps collected. pH levels are recorded in order to adequately assess findings. Pond net This pond net is used to collect the sample of shrimp from the river. The net is used due to its efficiency at procuring shrimps, as well as its gentleness to the shrimp. Plastic tray ( deep tray) This will be used to hold the sample obtained from the net, so that fresh water shrimps can be identified. I have used a tray in order to ensure the

The Impacts Of Aids Essay Example for Free

The Impacts Of Aids Essay Although the AIDS epidemic has occurred in a period when social conservatives have been politically dominant in most Western societies increasing the stigma against homosexuals and homosexuality, it has also translated into much greater recognition of the homosexual community and a homosexual movement, in most Western democracies. As the 1980s progressed, the gay and lesbian community increasingly realized the devastating impact of AIDS on gay men. The complex of diseases called AIDS was first discovered among gay men in 1981. From the first moment the gay male community became aware of AIDS (which was first called GRID—gay-related immune deficiency), it responded politically. By the end of the summer in 1981, a group of gay men had already met at author Larry Kramers apartment in New York City and had established the Gay Mens Health Crisis (GMHC)—the largest AIDS organization in the country today. It is not, of course, homosexuals who are at risk for AIDS but rather those who practice certain forms of unsafe sex. This distinction between behavior and identity, which often seems academic, is in fact vital to a rational understanding of AIDS. Because the media and the public generally do not make these distinctions, gay and AIDS have become conflated, so that the public perception of homosexuality becomes largely indistinguishable from its perception of AIDS. This, in turn, has two consequences: (1) It causes unnecessary discrimination against all those who are identified as gay and lesbians, and (2) it also means that people who are not perceived (and do not perceive themselves) as engaging in high-risk behaviors can deny that they are at risk of HIV infection. As the gay movement matured in the 1970s, however, it made more concrete demands of governments, pressing for antidiscrimination ordinances and for financial support for gay organizations and activities. But, in large part, the gay movement retained an adversarial relationship with the government, a relationship made possible because of the movements emphasis on self-assertion (coming out) and challenging social stigma. All this changed with the appearance of AIDS. Demands for government-funded research were first made by New Yorks Gay Mens Health Crisis, the first community-based AIDS organization. And the demands have not stopped there: Governments are asked to support research, patient care, services, and education programs. Inevitably such demands involve gay participation in the processes of government—policy-making, membership on liaison committees, day-to-day contact with bureaucrats, and so forth. But the process has been two-way. Governments have understood that to research the disease, to provide the necessary services, and to bring about the behavioral changes (primary prevention) believed to be the most effective strategies against the spread of the disease, contact with the most affected groups is required. AIDS has thus forced governments to recognize organizations they had previously ignored, and this has resulted in strengthened gay organizations, often with the help of state resources. As a generalization, the response of gay groups and those working in local AIDS education and advocacy programs has been to stress large-scale education about primary prevention, while conservative medical, political, and religious figures have emphasized widespread testing for the HIV antibody and restrictive legislation. The issue of testing for HIV antibodies among high-risk populations has been a major debate in most Western countries. AIDS organizations have generally argued that large-scale testing is undesirable and that mandatory testing of high-risk groups will compel those infected with the AIDS virus go underground out of the mainstream of health care and education. As the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF) argued: The experience of the gay community—the only group where significant prevention and risk-reduction programs have taken place—demonstrates that education and counseling, not testing, are critical to changing behavior. Not everyone needs or desires to know his/her antibody status. No one should be forced into that position, particularly given the potentially severe social, legal and economic ramifications of testing. The NGLTFs anti-testing position is further strengthened by the fact that test results often obtain false positives for the presence of HIV antibodies. It is easy to portray this dispute over testing as one that pits public health advocates against proponents of gay rights. In reality, the dispute centers on different conceptions of public health: Those who oppose mandatory testing are concerned that the fear of discrimination resulting from seropositive results will force those most at risk to avoid needed testing, counseling, and contact with support services. It is vital to understand the extent to which discrimination (real and perceived) against AIDS carriers is a factor, and how it is strengthened every time a politician or religious figure talks of quarantine or isolation. Certain sorts of discrimination are justified in the interests of public health, and reasonable people can disagree about the balance—as was true in the protracted debate in San Francisco concerning the gay bathhouses. But few diseases in recent history have led to as many stringent proposals to restrict the rights of those affected, and even fewer have led to claims for discrimination against all members of high-risk groups, whether or not they were actually ill or contagious. Fear of AIDS has elicited a welter of irrational reactions based on the stereotyping of homosexuals. The U.S. Justice Department has ruled that persons with AIDS may be dismissed from their jobs because of fear of transmission, even where such fears are not medically supported; some state courts and legislatures, however, have taken an opposite position. Fear of AIDS was invoked by the state of Georgia in its successful defense of its antisodomy law before the Supreme Court in 1986. A number of governments (including the United States) have sought to make evidence of HIV-antibody-free (noncarrier) status a requirement for immigration or even entry; in West Germany this provision has led to a bitter dispute between the Interior and Health ministries. Fear of and hostility toward those with AIDS most clearly overlaps with more generalized homophobia in the attempts by some politicians and a number of fundamentalists to use the epidemic to argue against homosexual rights. In the eyes of the religious right, AIDS is literally viewed as a God-given opportunity to reverse social attitudes toward homosexuality, which have grown more tolerant over the past decade; in English-speaking countries particularly, fundamentalists have invoked fire-and-brimstone rhetoric to argue that AIDS is evidence of Gods wrath. Gay groups have quickly learned which aspects of the political system are most amenable to pressure; in the United States, at a national level, this has involved working through the courts (a vast number of AIDS-related cases are already working their way through the judicial system) and, especially, sympathetic members of Congress. Among the groups most affected by AIDS, only the homosexuals have been able to mobilize and articulate political demands. The publics perception of the disease therefore continues to be more closely linked with homosexuals than its epidemiology suggests. In the United States this is further complicated by racial divisions and intravenous drug use, as a far higher proportion of AIDS cases that are not sexually transmitted are found among blacks and Hispanics than among whites. Even now one feature of AIDS organizations is the under representation of people of color, including homosexuals. Even in countries where this is not a problem, the dominance of AIDS as an issue makes the gap between gay women and men increasingly more difficult to bridge; although many lesbians are heavily involved in AIDS work, most gay women cannot identify with AIDS as a central issue in the way true for many gay men. AIDS has mobilized more gay men into political and community organizations, although not into specific demonstrations and marches, than any other event in the short history of the gay movement. In every major city of the United States, Canada, Australasia, and most of northern Europe, the appearance of AIDS has led thousands of gay men (and others) to volunteer in programs of care, support, counseling, and education. But this in turn creates several problems: It reinforces the publics misperception of the causal link between AIDS and homosexuality; it forces other issues off the gay movements agenda and monopolizes its attention; and it creates new tensions as dependence on government and the emergence of a new class of AIDS experts leads to growing strains within the movement. One could in fact posit that AIDS has created a shift in the leadership of the gay movement, accentuating the trend toward leaders who can claim professional expertise instead of activist credentials—a move already under way during the late 1970s. This has been most obvious in the rise to prominence of openly gay medical doctors, who have been able to use their professional skills and sexual identity to claim a certain legitimacy in the eyes of government; groups like the American Physicians for Human Rights have become prominent within the gay movement largely because of the epidemic. But the new leadership also includes those skilled in legislative and bureaucratic lobbying, and one consequence of this shift has been to reduce the representativeness of leadership in terms of class, race, and age. Observing the gay movement, AIDS has changed the movement in ways none of us could have anticipated in the much headier days of the 1970s. Obviously the stakes are higher: However important law reform was, it does not compare with the urgent need to respond to an epidemic that in some cities (New York, San Francisco, Houston, Copenhagen, Sydney) was striking nearly every gay man. In response, new people have come into the movement; many gay men who had hitherto regarded gay politics as irrelevant, have become the front-line activists because of AIDS. But many experienced activists have found that AIDS has turned them into professionals; the people who run the large organizations, such as GMHC, the Terence Higgins Trust, the San Francisco AIDS Foundation, the AIDS Council of New South Wales, and so forth, spend much of their time now dealing with government bureaucrats, health-system managers, and various authorities whom they had once denounced as the enemy. Unconsciously, certain forms of co-optation inevitably take place; governments fund jobs, trips, and conferences, and those who take part begin to see things differently. Thus, a new tension develops within the rank-and-file, many of whom came into AIDS work as volunteers concerned to look directly after the sick and dying, who feel estranged from the new bureaucrats their own movement seems to have spawned. It is difficult to speak of the impact of AIDS without speaking of the changing perceptions of homosexuals, so intertwined are the two in the public imagination. AIDS seems to have heightened both the stigma and the respectability of homosexuals; in unraveling this apparent contradiction, we can come to terms with certain crucial social changes. The common assumption is that AIDS has been responsible for reversing, or at least halting, a gradual social acceptance of homosexuality as an alternate life-style, an acceptance that had grown out of changes in sexual mores and the commercialization of sexuality during the 1970s. It is not hard to point to the hostile rhetoric, increased antigay violence, and the quite considerable discrimination directly linked to AIDS. Evidence of increased violence directed against homosexuals, much of it linked to AIDS, was recognized by a special congressional hearing in late 1986.The reality may well be that the response to AIDS thus far has largely been a reflection of the extent to which preceding gay-rights struggles had achieved a place in the political process for gay organizations; AIDS has thus highlighted a process already under way. The point has often been made that the epidemiology of AIDS would have been very different in most Western countries had it not been for the expansion of gay sexual networks in the 1970s. Equally, the response of governments would have been very different—and almost certainly slower and more repressive—if this expansion had not also been accompanied by the growth of gay political organizations that provided a basis for the development of community-based groups in response to the epidemic. At the level of conventional liberal political analysis, the case of AIDS bears out the adage that the squeaky wheel gets the oil. AIDS has brought issues of central concern to the gay movement onto the mainstream political agenda: at an enormous price the gay movement has become a recognized actor in the politics of health policymaking. Political will and mobilization can have a large effect on the social impact of the disease. The growing impact of AIDS on the American population forced activists to broaden their constituency. Some of the groups were also socially stigmatized and had even fewer resources than the gay community. Occasionally, they had segments who voiced their discomfort with or disapproval of homosexuality. When it came to matters of strategy, AIDS activists even had increasing conflicts with gay and lesbian political elites within the community over political priorities. The politics of AIDS activism forced gay and lesbian activists to have increased interaction with federal, state, and local governments, thereby transforming the lesbian and gay communitys relation with the state. Community-based organizations received government funding and participated in policymaking to a much greater extent than ever before. The AIDS movement has had a significant impact on government research, public health policies, and government funding of treatment, care, and education. This government funding has created large-scale institutions with jobs and career possibilities that did not exist in the lesbian and gay communities before the epidemic. These economic and institutional developments have had two major effects on the gay and lesbian communities. First, they have encouraged lesbian and gay political institutions to engage more with other communities, governmental agencies, and mainstream institutions. Second, they have transformed the class structure of gay and lesbian leadership. The new jobs and career possibilities attracted a generation of leaders who were upwardly mobile and educated at elite universities and colleges. In the past, gay men such as this might have pursued conventional careers. Now, though, many of them were infected with the virus that causes AIDS and took up AIDS activism to fight for their lives. The older generation of leaders had chosen gay political life as an alternative to mainstream careers. Very early on in the epidemic, however, AIDS devastated the founding generation both physically and emotionally. A new generation soon displaced the older one. AIDS had decimated the gay male community, had forced it to reach out to other communities, and had seriously undermined its economic and cultural self-sufficiency. The countervailing pressures of gay and lesbian identity politics and of AIDS activism produced a political situation that required a new perspective—one that conceived of identity as stable, but also recognized the incredible diversity within the community. The perspective needed to account for the kinship of all sexual minorities and the range of possible gender roles, ethnic, and racial identities. Works Cited Adam, B. D. The rise of a gay and lesbian movement. New York: Twayne Publishers.1995. Bell, G. AIDS in Australia, Sydney Bulletin , 17 March 1987 Bullough, Vern L. Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context. Harrington Park Press, 2002. Cante, Richard C. Gay Men and the Forms of Contemporary US Culture. London: Ashgate Publishing. March 2008 ISBN 0 7546 7230 1. Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. New York and London, Garland Publishing, 1990 Frighten and be Fired, The Economist , 28 June 1986. Epstein, S. Gay and lesbian movements in the United States: Dilemmas of identity, diversity, and political strategy. In B. Adam, J. Duyvendak, A. Krouwel (Eds.), The global emergence of gay and lesbian politics: National imprints of a worldwide movement, pp. 30-90. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.1999. Gawenda, AIDS: Reaping Responsibility, The Age (Melbourne), 2 May 1987. Goldstein, R. The Hidden Epidemic: AIDS and Race, Village Voice , 10 March 1987. Johansson, Warren Percy, William A. Outing: Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence. Harrington Park Press, 1994. Katz, Jonathan. Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. (New York: Harper, 1976) ISBN 006091211 Kitsuse, J. Coming out all over: Deviants and the politics of social problems. Social Problems, 28, 1-13.1980. McCombie, S.The Cultural Impact of the AIDS Test, Social Science and Medicine 23 (1986): 455-459. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, news release, Washington, D.C., 5 February 1987.Somerville, M. Rubin, G. Thinking sex: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality. In R. Parker, P. Aggleton (Eds.), Culture, society sexuality, pp. 143-178. New York: Routledge.1998. Schroedel, J. R., Fiber, P. Lesbian and gay policy priorities: Commonality and difference. In C. A. Rimmerman, K. D. Wald, C. Wilcox (Eds.), The politics of gay rights, pp. 97-120. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (2000). Seidman, S. From identity to queer politics: Shifts in normative heterosexuality and the meaning of citizenship. Citizenship Studies, 5, 321-328. (2001). Structuring the Legal and Ethical Issues Raised by AIDS, in AIDS : Social Policy , Ethics and the Law (Monash: Monash University Centre for Human Bioethics, 1986). Surgeon General s Report on AIDS (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Public Health Service, 1986), 30. Tatchell, P.AIDS : A Guide to Survival (London: Gay Mens Press, 1986), 97-101 Thompson, Mark, editor. Long Road to Freedom: The Advocate History of the Gay and Lesbian Movement. New York: St. Martins Press, 1994. ISBN 0-312-09536-8 Timmons, Stuart. The Trouble with Harry Hay: Founder of the Modern Gay Movement. Boston: Alyson Publications, 1990.

Expansion Analysis for BMW

Expansion Analysis for BMW 1. Prepare and implement a plan for the collection of primary and secondary data for assessing an area of business of your choice. a. Develop and use a questionnaire and justify its design for a particular purpose. 1.1 Research Topic General Area of interest: Expansion Diversification of Business. Specific sub area of interest: -BMWs expansion in car segment in Mumbai, India. More specific topic of interest: Which type of car segment should BMW expand their business in Mumbai, India. Research Topic BMWs expansion in particular car market segment. 1.1.1 Background BMW entered the Indian market in the year 2006 after their arch rival Mercedes-Benz. Both the German luxury car makers have the maximum market share in the luxury car market segment. Recently Audi has entered their market and is giving both the automobile companies a tough competition. BMW is able to overtake Mercedes-Benz in terms of sales and has been at the top of the luxury car market segment in India since the last four years. Audi is capturing the market segment rapidly with its new cars. So in order to remain at the top of the luxury car segment BMW as to react according to the change in trend and bring out new models to beat its competitors and block the entry of new competitors like Nissan, Porsche, Volkswagen, etc in their market segment. BMW has its sales subsidiary in Gurgaon, Delhi to develop its dealer network in India. BMW has established 14 dealers all over India. Mumbai is one of the largest cities of luxury car market segment in India. The SIAM (Society of Indian Automobile Manufactures) has reported that BMWs sales have grown by 12.76% to 1,020 units in July, 2009. The report also says that BMW has increased its sales by 43% to 3,000 units in 2010. BMW has future plans on increasing their dealership in eight more cities of India. BMWs management team can understand the taste of the Indian consumers based on the research conducted in Mumbai, India. Mumbai being the economic capital of India had the largest number of buyers of luxury cars in India. BMW had opened its first assembly center in Chennai in 2007 by seeing the potential growth in Indian market. BMW is really caution about its product launch in Indian markets because they just dont want to sell cars based on their brand value, but they wish to create better brand value by serving their customers with luxury cars with top of the line features, amazing performance and competing prices. BMW had surprised all its rivals by launching Rolls Royce cars in Indian market after studying the economic growth in India. But they still havent launched the cars of brand Mini because Indian customers are not ready for expensive small cars. BMW has always tried to make their cars on the basis of an idea of being practical and contemporary which has helped them succeed in luxury car segment in India. The firm has also made cars which are fuel efficient and eco-friendly (working on hybrid technology) has boosted their brand value and has helped them find many new customers. http://automobiles.mapsofindia.com/cars/bmw/ 1.1.2 Aim for the Research Project The aim for the research topic is to find out in which market segment should BMW make expansions (produce new models) in Mumbai. 1.1.3 Objectives The objectives for my research are to gather primary information for the research through Descriptive or Survey Research Design with the help of a questionnaire, secondary information via the staffs of the car companies and through companies sites, and conclude by research analysis and present it as a report to the BMWs management team. 1.2Research Leedy (1985) defines research as the manner in which we attempt to solve problems in a systematic effort to push back the frontiers of human ignorance or to confirm the validity of the solution to problems others have presumably resolved. 1.2.1 Research Design Research Design is defined as a framework or blueprint for conducting a marketing research project. It specifies the details of the procedure necessary for attaining the information needed to structure and/or solve marketing research problems. http://destinydawnmarie.blogspot.com/2007/05/research-design.html 1.2.2 Type of Research Design Chosen Descriptive or Survey Research Design is used for the research as it attempts to describe and explain conditions of the present by using many subjects and questionnaires to fully describe a phenomenon. Survey research design /survey methodology is one of the most popular for dissertation research. http://www.dissertation-statistics.com/research-designs.html 1.2.3 Primary Secondary Research The methods used for primary research is Descriptive or Survey Research Design method by which qualitative data is collected through questionnaires. The questionnaire is filled by 100 people visiting the showrooms of BMW, Audi Mercedes-Benz and the data collected is analyzed and a conclusion is made. The questionnaire is designed to know the preference of the type of car segment people prefer to buy. Secondary data is collected from the showroom managers, balance sheet of companies and from the companys site. Using both primary and secondary research a conclusion is drawn and presented in form of a report to the BMW management. 1.2.4 Network Diagram The network diagram is used to show how the market research is carried out and data is analyzed and generated into a report for the management of BMW. PD = Primary Data, SD = Secondary Data Diagram 1: Network Diagram 1.3.1 Questionnaire for Primary Research 1.3.2 Analysis of the Questionnaire The first question was asked to determine the ratio of gender of 100 people who had been a part of this survey. The result showed that out of the population of 100 the ratio of Men: Women were 7:3. The number of female who came to the showroom was 30 and the number of male was 70. Gender: Male = 70 People Female = 30 People Diagram 2: Gender The second question is a general question asked to check how much the Indian people prefer to drive their car. The data collected showed that 95% of the people prefer driving their cars and 5% of the people do not drive their cars. People who like driving their car (Yes) = 95  Ã‚   People who dont drive their car (No) = 5 Diagram 3: People Who Prefer Driving Their Car The third was based on how many cars each one owned who was surveyed. The data collected showed that 1 car was owned by 15 % people, 2 cars were owned by 10% people, 3 cars are owned by 25% people, 4 cars are owned by 10% people, 5 cars owned by 15% people, 6 cars owned by 15% people, 7 cars owned by 5% people, and 8 cars owned by 5% people. Number of cars owned: 1=15 people   2=10 people   3=25people   4=10 people   5=15 people   6=15 people   7=5 people   8= 5 people Diagram 4: Number of Cars Owned The fourth and fifth questions were asked to gather the information for the company to check the preference of what type of car the people who were surveyed preferred. The data collected was tabulated according to the age group. Age Group of People Surveyed and their Preference for the Type of Car Diagram 5: Preference of Type of Car of People of Different Age Group The sixth question was asked to see what price range the Indian customers prefer when they plan to buy a car. Price range of cars (00,000 Rupees) 20-40 = 25 people 40-60 = 40 people 60-80 = 25 people 80-100 = 10 people  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Diagram 6: Price Range of cars (00,000 Rs) The data collected showed the price range preferred by the Indian customers. The data showed that 25% people preferred car in the range 20-40 (00,000 Rs.), 40% people preferred car in the range 40-60 (00,000 Rs.), 25% people preferred car in the range 60-80 (00,000 Rs.), and 10% people preferred car in the range 80-100 (00,000 Rs. This data is also essential as this will help the company to make cars according to the taste of their customers. 2. Create information for decision making by summarising data using representative values, and use the results to draw valid and useful conclusions in a business context. a. Analyse the data collected in Task 1 using measures of dispersion, and use to assess an area of business of your choice. b. Use quartiles, percentiles and correlation coefficient, and use these to draw useful conclusions in a business context. 2.1 Quartile, Quartile Range and Quartile Deviation a. Sedan Quartiles Nth Value = = 45 Q1 = Q2 =   Q3 = Quartile Range QR = Q3 Q1 = 39 18 = 21 years Quartile Deviation QD = = 10.5 years b. SUV Quartiles Nth Value = = 35 Q1 =   Q2 = Q3 = Quartile Range QR = Q3 Q1 = 47 32 = 15 years Quartile Deviation QD = = 7.5 years c. Sports Car Quartiles Nth Value = = 20 Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Quartile Range QR = Q3 Q1 = 38 18 = 20 years Quartile Deviation QD = = 10 years 2.2 Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation Coefficient of Correlation a. Sedan Mean = xÃÅ'†¦ = = = 35 Variance = = = 66.67 Standard Deviation = ÃŽ ´ = = = 8.16 Coefficient of Variation = = = 0.23 b. SUV Mean = xÃÅ'†¦ = = = 39.28 = 39 (approx.) Variance = = = 81.71 Standard Deviation = ÃŽ ´ = = = 9.04 Coefficient of Variation = = = 0.23 c. Sports Car Mean = xÃÅ'†¦ = = = 32.5 Variance = = = 78.75 Standard Deviation = ÃŽ ´ = = = 8.87 Coefficient of Variation = = = 0.27 2.3 Coefficient of Correlation of Pricing and Age Group Sedan Car Correlation Coefficient = r = r = r = r = = = 0.16625701 = 0.17 (approx.) SUV No. of People Age Group (X) Pricing Range (Y) XY X ² Y ² 1 21 35 735 441 1225 2 23 45 1035 529 2025 3 27 45 1215 729 2025 4 27 55 1485 729 3025 5 29 65 1885 841 4225 6 31 75 2325 961 5625 7 31 70 2170 961 4900 8 32 80 2560 1024 6400 9 32 85 2720 1024 7225 10 35 35 1225 1225 1225 11 35 45 1575 1225 2025 12 36 50 1800 1296 2500 13 36 60 2160 1296 3600 14 37 45 1665 1369 2025 15 37 55 2035 1369 3025 16 38 60 2280 1444 3600 17 38 60 2280 1444 3600 18 38 65 2470 1444 4225 19 39 40

Epidemiological Report on Stomach Cancer Tobacco Smoking

Epidemiological Report on Stomach Cancer Tobacco Smoking 1.0 BACKGROUND Cancer is among the leading causes of death in the world. In 2012, cancer was responsible for 8.2 million deaths and 14.1 million new cases were recorded, accounting for 65% of the deaths in low-middle income countries (IARC, GLOBOCAN, 2012a). Cancer is a multistage process characterised by uncontrolled multiplication of abnormal cells which causes a lump to develop. This lump, known as a tumour, is named after the part of the body where it develops (American Cancer Society, 2012). Although mortality rates are higher in low-middle income countries, increased incident rates have been found in developed countries (IARC, GLOBOCAN, 2012a). An increase of 8 million cases per year is expected by 2030 (WHO, 2014). A number of factors are thought to be responsible for causing cancer such as genetic factors, chemicals and radiation, viruses or infections, alcohol use, tobacco, diet, and physical inactivity, age and several more that still remain unidentified (WHO, 2014; American Cancer Society, 2012). Lifestyle plays an important role in health. About 30% of deaths due to cancer are associated with poor lifestyle behaviour, which is marked by obesity, low fruit and vegetable intake, consumption of alcohol and tobacco use (WHO, 2014). Despite tobacco being the most preventable cause of death it kills 1 person every six seconds. The tobacco epidemic kills more than 5,000,000 people in a year – which is more than the combined number of deaths by malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS (WHO, 2008). Tobacco use contributes to about 20% of cancer deaths globally (WHO, 2014). A plethora of evidence exists demonstrating the multipotent carcinogenic nature of tobacco smoke, and its ability to cause cancer at multiple sites in the body and not just the lungs. It can cause cancer of the renal pelvis and bladder, oral cavity, larynx, pancreas, nasal cavity, liver, cervix, stomach, kidney and oesophagus (Vineis et al., 2004). Smokers are 7 times at more risk of dying from these cancers than non-smokers (Kenfield et al., 2008) 2.0 CONTEXT 2.1 DEMOGRAPHY, PREVALENCE OF DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY In 2012 stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, was ranked as the third major cause of cancer related mortality in the world with 723,000 deaths reported (IARC, GLOBOCAN, 2012b). An estimated one million cases of stomach cancer were recorded in the year 2012. This represents 6.8% of the total cancer cases reported. Stomach cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide with approximately one million cases in the following year; of which 70% of the cases occurred in low- middle income countries (IARC, GLOBOCAN, 2012b). The numbers of stomach cancer cases have significantly reduced over the years (IARC, GLOBOCAN, 2012b) and several epidemiological studies have been conducted to identify the causes of the disease and the reason for this decline. Figure 1 demonstrates estimated stomach neoplasm incidence and mortality (age- standardised per 100,000) worldwide in the year 2012. Distinct geographical differences exist with two third of the cases occurring in developing countries, a nd 50% of the total gastric cancer cases occurring in Eastern Asia. Eastern Asia has both high incident as well as mortality rates, but Western Africa has the lowest incidence and North America the lowest mortality rates. The incident rates (age standardised per 100,000) of stomach cancer are twice as high in men as compared to women. The striking time trends, geographical variations and gender distribution suggest the possible contribution of lifestyle and environmental factors to the aetiology of carcinoma of the stomach. Figure 1: Source: IARC, GLOBOCAN, 2012 2.2 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SHOWING ASSOCIATION BETWEEN STOMACH CANCER AND TOBACCO USE Infection with Helicobacter pylori is one of the main causes of gastric neoplasm (Tredaniel, 1997) however, in certain countries like Africa, where H.pylori has high prevalence, stomach cancer rates are still low (Campbell et al., 2001; Brenner, Rothenbacher and Arndt, 2009). This suggests that there may be other factors too responsible for gastric neoplasm. A large number of studies have demonstrated a strong positive association between stomach cancer and tobacco use. The association is thought to be because of the carcinogenic substances present in tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke contains about 70 carcinogenic substances, like hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, cadmium, carbon monoxide and others, which when inhaled enter the lungs, and is carried by the blood stream to other sites in the body, depleting the sites of oxygen necessary for survival, and more importantly, damaging the DNA making cells to proliferate in an abnormal manner and cause cancer (Cancer Research UK, 2012). A number of case- control studies have demonstrated stomach cancer to be a tobacco related cancer (Minami and Tateno, 2003; Cai, Zheng and Zhang, 2003). A fourteen year prospective study conducted by the American Cancer Society showed a positive correlation between stomach carcinoma and the use of tobacco (Chao et al., 2003). According to the study, any form of tobacco use (pipe, cigar, bidi, chewing tobacco, cigarette smoking and snuff) was considered to be linked with higher incidence and mortality rates of stomach cancer. The study included 508, 351 men and 676,306 females aged thirty years or older, residing in a house with at least one individual forty-five years or above. The individuals were chosen from fifty states in the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Men were made to complete questionnaires, with questions about current or past use of any tobacco product, while women only asked about use of cigarette smoking. The study was adjusted for all variables thought to act as confounding factors; age, race, family history, education, diet, use of multivitamins and aspirin (Chao et al., 2003). Tobacco users among men are 1.68 times more likely to die of stomach cancer and women who use tobacco are 1.38 times more likely than non-tobacco users. Men who are currently tobacco users are 2.12 times (95% CI, 1.76-2.54) as likely to die of gastric carcinoma as those who have never smoked tobacco. Women smokers are 1.5 times at more risk than non-smokers (Table 1). And the risk increased with the duration of tobacco use (Chao et al. 2003) Table 1: Tobacco Use and Relative Risk of Gastric Cancer Type of Tobacco Use Men Relative Risk (95% CI) Women Relative Risk (95% CI) Never-used any type of tobacco 1.00 1.00 Ever-user of any type of tobacco 1.73 (1.47–2.04) 1.34 (1.12–1.60) Current user of any type of tobacco 2.12 (1.76–2.54) 1.51 (1.20–1.90) Source: Chao et al., 2003 (Modified and prepared in MS. Word according to required data) 3.0 METHOD/ DATA In order to assess the possible causal relationship between carcinoma of stomach and the use of tobacco particularly in current tobacco smokers, data was withdrawn from WHO database. Data for nine countries with the highest incident rates were taken from IARC, GLOBOCAN (2012) database and the tobacco rates for each country were taken from â€Å"Tobacco Country Profile† from the WHO Report on Global Epidemics (WHO, 2013). The data from the two sources was combined to form one table for purpose of analysing the relationship. Rank Country Age-Standardised Rate per 100,000 (World) Prevalence of Tobacco Use (%)2012 1 Korea, Republic of 41.8 25.7 2 Mongolia 32.5 27 3 Japan 29.9 22 4 Guatemala 23.7 10 5 China 22.7 25 6 Kazakhstan 21.6 24 7 Kyrgyzstan 21.4 23 8 Albania 20.1 26 9 Belarus 18.8 29 Table 2: Data showing incidence of gastric cancer in both sexes in 2012 (IARC, GLOBOCAN, 2012) Data showing tobacco use in adults in the year 2012 (WHO, 2013) In order to get a clear picture, a graph (Figure 2) was drawn from the data in Table 2 to understand if there was a co-relation between the exposure, i.e., tobacco use and outcome, i.e., stomach cancer and if it was appropriate to refer gastric cancer as a â€Å"tobacco-related cancer† as has been referred by many other studies. Figure 3: Incidence of stomach cancer and tobacco use Data from IARC, GLOBOCAN (2012) and Tobacco Country Profile (WHO, 2013) collected in MS Excel and graph generated in MS World 4.0 RESULTS: Striking results were observed on analysing the data and graphs. High rates of tobacco consumption were considered to be responsible for causing stomach carcinoma. It was expected that the countries showing high number of stomach cancer cases would also show high consumption of tobacco among the population. However, an irregular trend is observed between the exposure and outcome. The Republic of Korea, having the highest rates of stomach cancer should have shown high rates of tobacco use, however, it shows lower rates of tobacco smoking than Belarus. Similarly, Belarus having the lowest number of stomach cancer cases among the nine listed countries, demonstrates the highest prevalence of tobacco usage in adults. 5.0 DISCUSSION Several epidemiologic studies have shown a positive causal relationship between tobacco smoke and increased incidence of stomach cancer. Evidence suggests that 20% of the stomach cancer cases in the United Kingdom can be attributed to the use of tobacco (Cancer Research UK, 2014). However, a few studies like the self-analysis of data above were unable to find any positive association between stomach cancer and tobacco use. In a twenty eight year cohort study conducted in Norway, with 26,000 Norwegian men and women, no association was found between stomach cancer and tobacco consumption (Engeland, 1996). Similarly a case control study carried out in Japan seemed to show no relationship of tobacco use and increased rates of stomach cancer (Murata, 1996). When considering epidemiological studies and their results, flaws in data collection and study design must be considered before making an inference. Case control studies are most susceptible to bias. There are high chances of selection bias, especially when the investigator is not blinded. Another bias that has the potential to effect results of case control studies is attention bias, which is also known by the Hawthorne effect, according to which people tend to act and behave differently when they know the relation being studied (Bruce et al., 2008). Similarly, cohort studies may produce uncertain results because of their long duration which results in loss to follow up, also known as attrition bias. Questionnaires are considered to be the main research tools when it comes to collection of data from a large sample population. Although questionnaires are an effective and cheap way of gathering data, there are some possible errors that should be taken care of. These specifically include sampling error and measurement error (Bruce et al., 2008). An extremely important factor that can be attributed to the difference in results is confounding. For factors to be considered confounders, they need to have an association with the outcome of interest. Alcohol consumption can be considered a confounding factor in the relationship between stomach cancer and tobacco use. Alcohol consumption is considered to have a synergistic effect (Chen, 2000). However, the synergistic effect of alcohol is considered to be controversial, with some studies demonstrating no effect of alcohol consumption on stomach cancer rates (Murata, 1996; Cancer Research UK, 2014). Another main factor is H.pylori infection, which is the considered to be the main cause of carcinoma of the stomach. Studies have showed that in tobacco users who have H.pylori infection, they are 10 times more likely to develop carcinoma of the stomach than those who do not smoke tobacco (Cancer Research UK, 2014; Tredaniel, 1997). Other possible confounders include diet. Although differences in results can be observed, smoking is known to be an established risk factor for most cancers and diseases. It shall be inappropriate to conclude that no association exists between stomach cancer and the consumption of tobacco. The magnitude of the association can vary but it would be wrong to deny any association at all. It can thus be concluded, that tobacco use, may not be an independent factor like Helicobacter pylori in the aetiology of stomach cancer, but it is a contributing factor for the development of carcinoma of stomach. The use of the word contributory does not by any way rule out the possibility of tobacco having a direct effect on stomach cancer, it in fact, takes into account the persistent risk of cancer among smokers and indicates that had smoking not exist, a large and significant proportion of disease burden would not exist in this world.

Black Death :: European Europe History

Black Death Since the reign of Emperor Justinian in 542 A.D., man has one unwelcome organism along for the ride, Yersinia pestis. This is the bacterium more commonly know as the Black Death, the plague. Plague is divided into three biotypes, each associated with one of three major pandemics occurring in history. Each of these biotypes are then divided into three distinct types, classified by method of infection. The most widely know is bubonic, an infection of plague that resides in the lymph nodes, causing them to swell. The Black Death of the 14th century was mainly of this type. Bubonic plague is commonly spread through fleas that have made a meal from an infected Rattus rattus. The most dangerous type of plague is pneumonic. It can be spread through aerosol droplets released through coughs, sneezes, or through fluid contact. It may also become a secondary result of a case of untreated bubonic or septicemic plague. Although not as common as the bubonic strain, it is more deadly. It has an untreated mortality rate on nearly 100%, as compared to 50% untreated mortality for bubonic plague. It attacks the respiratory track, furthering the cycle. The third type of plague is septemic. It is spread by direct bodily fluid contact. It may also develop as a secondary result of untreated bubonic or pneumonic plague. A LITTLE HISTORY As mentioned before, the most known incidence of bubonic plague was in 14th century Europe. In 1346 reports of a terrible pestilence in China, spreading through Mesopotamia and Asia Minor had reached Europe, but caused no concern until two years later. In January of 1348 the plague had reached Marseille in France and Tunis in Africa. By the end of the next year the plague had reached as far as Norway, Scotland, Prussia, Iceland, and Italy. In 1351 the infection had spread to include Russia. The plague was an equal opportunity killer. In Avignon nine bishops were killed, King Alfonso XI of Castile succumbed, and peasants died wherever they lay. Though the plague had, for the most part, ceased less than ten years after it started, it killed nearly one third of the European population. In many towns the dead outnumbered the living. Bodies piled in the streets faster than nuns, monks, and relatives could bury them. Many bodies were interred in mass graves, overflowing with dead, or dumped into nearby rivers.

Behavior Theories Essay -- Psychology Psychological Essays

Behavior Theories   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The wide study of human beings has led psychologists to the development of many theories explaining the elements that cause a persons behavior and attitude. In this paper I would like to reflect upon some of the theories we studied such as: the cultivation theory, social learning theory, the attribution theory, and the cognitive dissonance theory, and relate them to my life and surrounding environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I’d like to first start off with the cultivation theory (also keep in mind the social learning theory, it is of the same nature). For those unfamiliar with this theory it states, the more media one consumes the more likely he or she will perceive the world as scary place. Now to be totally honest my views about violence in the media and its affects on people were pretty firm. I never agreed with this idea whatsoever. Because I myself watch a ton of violent programs and listen to probably the most controversial music today, it was hard for me to accept that this media was supposedly inflicting harm upon others physically and mentally, when in no harmful way did it affect me. I always felt that people who were â€Å"unintentionally† affected by the media and act out violently because of certain programs or music just needed a basis for their stupidity or in other words a cheap excuse. I just believe that if a child is persuaded into burning the family couch resulting in the death of his little sister because he saw it on a past episode of Bevis and Butthead, then I feel that child is unstable. It's not the content of the media we need to examine its the child that needs to be picked apart and dissected. I have yet to experience a personal situation like this in my life the only cases I can relate to are the ones put on display on TV and in the papers. Everyone has their own individual thoughts and mind frames, some choose to be leaders, while others choose to be followers, who do you think is more likely to be persuaded by the media? But I would like to say that after studying both the cultivation and social learning theories in class, I have been able to open up and accept that â€Å"some† media content can and has had a negative affect on â€Å"some† people. The most interesting thing that I never really thought about until after the discussion of these theories was learning that people are more likely to copy act ions that receive positiv... ...ated. This is one of the biggest problems among us college students today’s, drinking and driving, when are we going to realize its stupid. The answer to that would be Guys you know I don’t like drinking and driving BUT I’ll do it this one last time. When my friends and I go out we always try to have a DD, but a lot of the times being around people that are drinking and acting goofy, is very persuasive in getting that person to drink. Now what. Well now the parties over and everybody’s drunk, so who’s going to drive, obviously someone who was not willing to in the first place because they felt its not smart. But you know how quickly alcohol can change that, â€Å"I’ll drive I’m fine, no really I’m fine I only had about twelve beers, I can barely walk or talk, but I’ll drive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, I would like to say that learning about these theories and their meanings and differences has been totally interesting and helpful to me, honestly. I think its pretty cool to know a little bit more about people and why they act the way they do, particularly my family and friends and even myself. It has and will allow me to make better judgements about situations and the behaviors of others. Behavior Theories Essay -- Psychology Psychological Essays Behavior Theories   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The wide study of human beings has led psychologists to the development of many theories explaining the elements that cause a persons behavior and attitude. In this paper I would like to reflect upon some of the theories we studied such as: the cultivation theory, social learning theory, the attribution theory, and the cognitive dissonance theory, and relate them to my life and surrounding environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I’d like to first start off with the cultivation theory (also keep in mind the social learning theory, it is of the same nature). For those unfamiliar with this theory it states, the more media one consumes the more likely he or she will perceive the world as scary place. Now to be totally honest my views about violence in the media and its affects on people were pretty firm. I never agreed with this idea whatsoever. Because I myself watch a ton of violent programs and listen to probably the most controversial music today, it was hard for me to accept that this media was supposedly inflicting harm upon others physically and mentally, when in no harmful way did it affect me. I always felt that people who were â€Å"unintentionally† affected by the media and act out violently because of certain programs or music just needed a basis for their stupidity or in other words a cheap excuse. I just believe that if a child is persuaded into burning the family couch resulting in the death of his little sister because he saw it on a past episode of Bevis and Butthead, then I feel that child is unstable. It's not the content of the media we need to examine its the child that needs to be picked apart and dissected. I have yet to experience a personal situation like this in my life the only cases I can relate to are the ones put on display on TV and in the papers. Everyone has their own individual thoughts and mind frames, some choose to be leaders, while others choose to be followers, who do you think is more likely to be persuaded by the media? But I would like to say that after studying both the cultivation and social learning theories in class, I have been able to open up and accept that â€Å"some† media content can and has had a negative affect on â€Å"some† people. The most interesting thing that I never really thought about until after the discussion of these theories was learning that people are more likely to copy act ions that receive positiv... ...ated. This is one of the biggest problems among us college students today’s, drinking and driving, when are we going to realize its stupid. The answer to that would be Guys you know I don’t like drinking and driving BUT I’ll do it this one last time. When my friends and I go out we always try to have a DD, but a lot of the times being around people that are drinking and acting goofy, is very persuasive in getting that person to drink. Now what. Well now the parties over and everybody’s drunk, so who’s going to drive, obviously someone who was not willing to in the first place because they felt its not smart. But you know how quickly alcohol can change that, â€Å"I’ll drive I’m fine, no really I’m fine I only had about twelve beers, I can barely walk or talk, but I’ll drive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, I would like to say that learning about these theories and their meanings and differences has been totally interesting and helpful to me, honestly. I think its pretty cool to know a little bit more about people and why they act the way they do, particularly my family and friends and even myself. It has and will allow me to make better judgements about situations and the behaviors of others.

Management and Smart Criteria

University of Phoenix Material Goal Setting Worksheet Review this week’s resources (for example SMART criteria, and the Career Plan Building Activities). Respond to the following in 50 to 100 words each: 1. Describe one academic goal that you have created using the SMART criteria. How do SMART criteria contribute to your academic goals? One academic goal that I am using with SMART is passing my classes with a least a C. SMART contribute to my academic goals by helping me to improve in my classes, help me to allocate time to important activities such as my family and help me reduce stress due to college life work and personal life. . Describe one professional/career goal you have created using the SMART criteria and Career Plan Building Activities results. How did the results of the Career Interest Profiler and Career Plan Building Activity on Competencies contribute to your professional goal development? One professional goal that I have created with using SMART is to win empl oyee of the year at my job. It contributes to my professional goal because I am a good listener. I like to work with people and I follow my employer’s rules. 3. Related article: Example Essay How to Study SmartDescribe the stress and time-management strategies you have learned this week that will help you achieve your goals. Stress and time management strategies that I have learned this week that will help me achieve my goals are to prepare myself for that goal. When study I should take breaks so that I will not be stressed. I will also adjust my plan each day. 4. Describe how you will balance academic expectations and your personal and professional responsibilities. I will balance my academic expectations, personal, and professional responsibilities by Equally I will give my attention to them all.I would come up with a schedule where I would set time slots to give my time to each . I think by doing this I will not feel overworked and over whelmed. 5. How can understanding the importance of SMART criteria and your career interests and competencies help you move towards your career and academic goals? Understanding the importance of SMART and my career interest can help me move in my career and academic goals by helping me to stay focus and take control of my life direction. Using SMART can help me to be and stay motivated to see if I am succeeding in achieving my goals.

Reaction Papers Essay

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE REACTION PAPER WOW! After the symposium, I realized how lucky I am to be in a concrete house, not worrying if the strong wind will take it with all its might; to live in a more comfortable house with comfortable clothes on. Indigenous people’s always stressing the hell out of them searching for food everyday, they can’t even apply for a stable job here in the city or at least away from secluded areas where they live. On the other hand, I salute them for they’re always active every now and then†¦ to supply their needs everyday. The father’s always into the needs and protecting his family whilst the mother is the one who’s responsible for taking good care of their kids. Unlike people living in urban areas, well I’m talking generally, both of the parents is always working not giving enough attention on their offspring. Indigenous people’s family is the ideal family everyone would want. Even if they don’t have gadgets with them all day long, still they’re giving enough attention and sharing conversations with each other. They’re living their lives simple yet contented, and that’s what makes them happy. =)) Jia Yray Fajardo BSA-I DRUGS REACTION PAPER Using Drugs is not healthy for anyone of us. I’m not speaking of the physical damage that it may cause, but the psychological causes that may occur, like Mental illness such as depression, Inability to connect with others, lack of friends, Poor performance at work or school, and poor stress coping skills. A person who is using Drugs may act abnormal, they may hurt people. A drug addict may have times that they feel guilty and remorseful and decide to get help. In these times, the drug addict will normally continue using. The reason why some people are using drugs is because of Enjoyment,  curiosity, and other people that are suffering from anxiety, but there are some people are just using drugs because of entertainers using drugs and being rationalize that they can do it too. While some people are using drugs to cover up painful memories in their past, some thinks that drugs may help them fit in. Drug addiction is a condition that upsets the physical and mental well being of a person. It is neither an untreatable condition nor a malignant phenomenon. The addicts are aware of what is in store for them. Yet, they resume with the activities and build up a strong resistance to these agents in no time.

Anthony Case 1-2 & Anthony Case 2-3 Essay

Anthony Case 1-2: Kim Fuller 1. In order for Kim Fuller’s plastic bottle grinding business to get off the ground she will need to manage the business with non-accounting and accounting information. The following information to run the business is non-accounting information, as it is not owned by the company did not occur through a monetary transaction: 2 grind machine workers, 1 truck drive, 1 accountant, and the 2 contracts with bottling companies. The remaining information is categorized as accounting information, as it is owned by the company, may provide future economic resource, and occurred through a transaction: 1 used truck, 2 trailers, 1 used grinding machine, 1 new grinding machine, 1 new computer, 1 warehouse, 3 investors’ deposits, 1 mortgage loan, and the owner’s initial investment into the company. 2. Below is the beginning balance sheet for Kim Fuller’s Business. a.) [pic]b.) To address the question of how Fuller should go about putting a value on the company’s assets, she must utilize the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) regarding the worth of her assets. Specifically through these principles, Fuller will be able to determine the fair value or cost of each asset – as a transaction occurred for each purchased item of equipment. Additionally, she will be able to add the value of the Warehouse based on the value at the time of her purchase. Through associating a cost with each, Fuller can easily determine the company’s assets. c.) Based on the balance sheet at the onset of the business, the Owners’ Equity is valued at $165,000. 3. Once Fuller begins to make her sales she will need to determine her revenues and expenses, as she will acquire inventory and the sell the goods for monetary value, which generates revenue. In order for Fuller to stay on top of her accounting for these revenues and expenses, which are also known as â€Å"profits and loss†, the business should utilize an income statement. This will allow the business to determine the net income of the business, which filters in to the balance sheet through the retained earnings – underneath owners’ equity. It is advisable for Fuller to begin with an income statement weekly  until she grasps the concept of accounting. Later on she can move it out to bi-weekly updates, and eventually even out to monthly – if the revenue stream is slower. Anthony Case 2-3: Lone Pine Cafà © 1. Balance sheet for Loan Pine Cafà © as of November 2, 2005. [pic]2. Balance sheet for Loan Pine Cafà © as of March 30, 2006. [pic]3. I believe that the partners would not have been able to receive their proportional share of the Owners’ Equity, as they would forfeit their rights to the business with the theft of assets (cash register and contents). Therefore, the entire Owners’ Equity to be earned would fall upon Mrs. Antoine, the lone remaining partner of the business.